What Hath God Wrought by Daniel Walker Howe
Authors: Daniel Walker Howe
Tags: Religión, United States, General, History, Modern, 19th century, Americas (North; Central; South; West Indies)
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laws of 1799 and 1817, see Jim Crow New York , ed. David Gellman and David Quigley (New York, 2003), 52–55, 67–72.
74. For information on Isabella, I rely on Nell Painter, Sojourner Truth (New York, 1996); for Truth’s accent, 7–8. Reenactors usually portray her, inaccurately, with a southern accent.
75. David Brion Davis, In the Image of God (New Haven, 2001), 64.
76. See Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (New York, 1997); John Thornton, “The African Background to American Colonization,” in Engerman and Gallman, Cambridge Economic History of the United States , I, 53–94; Juliana Barr, “From Captives to Slaves: Commodifying Indian Women in the Borderlands,” JAH 92 (2005): 19–46; Evsey Dornar, “The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom,” Journal of Economic History 30 (1970): 18–32.
77. Arthur Zilversmit, The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North (Chicago, 1967); James Horton and Lois Horton, In Hope of Liberty (New York, 1997), 55–76; Joannne Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation in New England (Ithaca, N.Y., 1998), 101–7.
78. Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 262–85, quotation from 264. Washington manumitted 124 in his will; Carter manumitted 509. Gary Nash, The Forgotten Fifth: African Americans in the Age of Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), 66, 104–05.
79. Roger Kennedy, Mr. Jefferson’s Lost Cause (New York, 2003), 210–16; Adam Rothman, Slave Country (Cambridge, Mass., 2005), 31–35.
80. T. Stephen Whitman, The Price of Freedom: Slavery and Manumission in Baltimore (Lexington, Ky., 1997), 1; John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic (Cambridge, Eng., 1995), I, 101–8; Richard Wade, Slavery in the Cities (New York, 1964), 243–81.
81. Lois Horton, “From Class to Race in Early America,” JER 19 (1999): 631.
82. See Leslie Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery (Chicago, 2003); Gary Nash, Forging Freedom (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Elizabeth Bethel, The Roots of African-American Identity (New York, 1997); Patrick Rael, “The Market Revolution and Market Values in Antebellum Black Protest Thought,” in Martin, Cultural Change and the Market Revolution , 13–45.
83. Robert Fogel, Without Consent or Contract (New York, 1989), graphs on 124, 141; Michael Tadman, “The Demographic Cost of Sugar,” AHR 105 (2000): 1534–75; William Dusinberre, Slavery in the American Rice Swamps (New York, 1996).
84. Steven Deyle, Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade (Oxford, 2005), 4–7; Stanley Engerman, “Slavery and Its Consequences for the South,” in Engerman and Gallman, Cambridge Economic History of the United States , 219–66, esp. 343. For more data, see Fogel’s Without Consent or Contract and its three accompanying volumes of substantiating analysis.
85. Politics 1255a–1255b, 1259b–1260b.
86. Narrative of Sojourner Truth , intro. William Kaufman (1850; Mineola, N.Y., 1997), 17, 12.
87. Quoted in George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings (New York, 1952), 213. There is an excellent discussion of master-slave relations in Peter Kolchin, American Slavery (New York, 1993), 111–27.
88. Albert Raboteau, Slave Religion (New York, 1978), 317; John Boles, Masters and Slaves in the House of the Lord (Lexington, Ky., 1988), 2; James Oakes, The Ruling Race (New York, 1982), 114, 153–64.
89. Jeffrey Young, Domesticating Slavery (Chapel Hill, 1999), 133–40, 165–66; John Boles, The South Through Time (New York, 1995), 202. On the ages of masters and slaves, see Oakes, Ruling Race , 195–96.
90. Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, Jan. 17, 1819, Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book , ed. Edwin Betts (Princeton, 1953), 43.
91. Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution (New York, 1956), 38; Larry
74. For information on Isabella, I rely on Nell Painter, Sojourner Truth (New York, 1996); for Truth’s accent, 7–8. Reenactors usually portray her, inaccurately, with a southern accent.
75. David Brion Davis, In the Image of God (New Haven, 2001), 64.
76. See Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (New York, 1997); John Thornton, “The African Background to American Colonization,” in Engerman and Gallman, Cambridge Economic History of the United States , I, 53–94; Juliana Barr, “From Captives to Slaves: Commodifying Indian Women in the Borderlands,” JAH 92 (2005): 19–46; Evsey Dornar, “The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom,” Journal of Economic History 30 (1970): 18–32.
77. Arthur Zilversmit, The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North (Chicago, 1967); James Horton and Lois Horton, In Hope of Liberty (New York, 1997), 55–76; Joannne Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation in New England (Ithaca, N.Y., 1998), 101–7.
78. Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 262–85, quotation from 264. Washington manumitted 124 in his will; Carter manumitted 509. Gary Nash, The Forgotten Fifth: African Americans in the Age of Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), 66, 104–05.
79. Roger Kennedy, Mr. Jefferson’s Lost Cause (New York, 2003), 210–16; Adam Rothman, Slave Country (Cambridge, Mass., 2005), 31–35.
80. T. Stephen Whitman, The Price of Freedom: Slavery and Manumission in Baltimore (Lexington, Ky., 1997), 1; John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic (Cambridge, Eng., 1995), I, 101–8; Richard Wade, Slavery in the Cities (New York, 1964), 243–81.
81. Lois Horton, “From Class to Race in Early America,” JER 19 (1999): 631.
82. See Leslie Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery (Chicago, 2003); Gary Nash, Forging Freedom (Cambridge, Mass., 1988); Elizabeth Bethel, The Roots of African-American Identity (New York, 1997); Patrick Rael, “The Market Revolution and Market Values in Antebellum Black Protest Thought,” in Martin, Cultural Change and the Market Revolution , 13–45.
83. Robert Fogel, Without Consent or Contract (New York, 1989), graphs on 124, 141; Michael Tadman, “The Demographic Cost of Sugar,” AHR 105 (2000): 1534–75; William Dusinberre, Slavery in the American Rice Swamps (New York, 1996).
84. Steven Deyle, Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade (Oxford, 2005), 4–7; Stanley Engerman, “Slavery and Its Consequences for the South,” in Engerman and Gallman, Cambridge Economic History of the United States , 219–66, esp. 343. For more data, see Fogel’s Without Consent or Contract and its three accompanying volumes of substantiating analysis.
85. Politics 1255a–1255b, 1259b–1260b.
86. Narrative of Sojourner Truth , intro. William Kaufman (1850; Mineola, N.Y., 1997), 17, 12.
87. Quoted in George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings (New York, 1952), 213. There is an excellent discussion of master-slave relations in Peter Kolchin, American Slavery (New York, 1993), 111–27.
88. Albert Raboteau, Slave Religion (New York, 1978), 317; John Boles, Masters and Slaves in the House of the Lord (Lexington, Ky., 1988), 2; James Oakes, The Ruling Race (New York, 1982), 114, 153–64.
89. Jeffrey Young, Domesticating Slavery (Chapel Hill, 1999), 133–40, 165–66; John Boles, The South Through Time (New York, 1995), 202. On the ages of masters and slaves, see Oakes, Ruling Race , 195–96.
90. Thomas Jefferson to Joel Yancey, Jan. 17, 1819, Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book , ed. Edwin Betts (Princeton, 1953), 43.
91. Kenneth Stampp, The Peculiar Institution (New York, 1956), 38; Larry
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