What Hath God Wrought by Daniel Walker Howe Page A
Authors: Daniel Walker Howe
Tags: Religión, United States, General, History, Modern, 19th century, Americas (North; Central; South; West Indies)
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Hudson Jr., To Have and to Hold: Slave Work and Family Life in Antebellum South Carolina (Athens, Ga., 1997), 177–84.
92. Stampp, Peculiar Institution , 86–140; John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics (Cambridge, Eng., 1995), I, 1–8.
93. Charles Bolton, Poor Whites of the Antebellum South (Durham, N.C., 1994), 23–24; Jonathan Wells, Origins of the Southern Middle Class (Chapel Hill, 2004).
94. Besides Fogel, Without Consent or Contract , see Lawrence Shore, Southern Capitalists (Chapel Hill, 1986), 11–15; William Scarborough, Masters of the Big House (Baton Rouge, 2003).
95. Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 59.
96. For more on the slaveholders’ political influence, see Robin Einhorn, American Taxation, American Slavery (Chicago, 2006).
97. John Mayfield, The New Nation , rev. ed. (New York, 1982), 3–5; James Young, The Washington Community (New York, 1966).
1. Washington National Intelligencer , Jan. 8, 1815. On communication between New Orleans and Washington, see Leonard Huber and Clarence Wagner, The Great Mail: A Postal History of New Orleans (State College, Pa., 1949).
2. “In the present time of public calamity and war,” President Madison set aside the day as one “of public humiliation and fasting and of prayer to Almighty God for the safety and welfare of these States, His blessing on their arms, and a speedy restoration of peace.” Presidential Messages , I, 558.
3. Ibid., 558–60; Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander in Chief (New York, 1961), 366.
4. Harry Ammon, James Monroe (New York, 1971), 330; J.C.A. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War (Princeton, 1983), 407–16.
5. Frank A. Casell, “Slaves of the Chesapeake Bay Area and the War of 1812,” Journal of Negro History 57 (1972): 144–55; quotation from Sir George Cockburn on 151. See also John K. Mahon, The War of 1812 (Gainesville, Fla., 1972), 312–15.
6. Quotations from James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800–1828 (New York, 1966), 184, and Robert Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence, Kans., 1990), 159.
7. Paul Jennings, “A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison” (1865), White House History 1 (1983): 46–51, quotation from 47.
8. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison (New York, 1971), 577–78; Virginia Moore, The Madisons (New York, 1979), 321. The Madisons’ conduct was satirized in a mock-heroic poem, The Bladensburg Races (Washington, 1816).
9. Washington National Intelligencer , Sept. 2, 1814; Ketcham, Madison , 579.
10. Washington National Intelligencer , Aug. 31, 1814; Charles W. Humphries, “The Capture of York,” in Morris Zaslow, ed., The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812 (Toronto, 1964), 251–70.
11. Walter Lord, The Dawn’s Early Light (New York, 1972), 182–83, 197–201.
12. Robin Winks, The Blacks in Canada (New Haven, 1971), 114–27; Frank A. Updyke, The Diplomacy of the War of 1812 (1915; Gloucester, Mass., 1965), 404.
13. William Wirt, quoted in Henry Adams, History of the United States During the Administration of James Madison (New York, 1890), VIII, 231.
14. The Republican Party of Jefferson was not the same as the Republican Party of Lincoln, which was founded in the 1850s and still exists today. The Republican Party of Jefferson eventually split, the “Old” Republicans becoming the Democratic Party of today and the “National” Republicans becoming the Whigs.
15. See C. Edward Skeen, John Armstrong, Jr. (Syracuse, N.Y., 1981), 187–213.
16. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War , 424–28.
17. James Madison to John Adams, Dec. 17, 1814, quoted in Rutland, Presidency of Madison , 181.
18. See Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War , 438–39; Rutland, Presidency of Madison , 173–75, 185; Ammon, James
92. Stampp, Peculiar Institution , 86–140; John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics (Cambridge, Eng., 1995), I, 1–8.
93. Charles Bolton, Poor Whites of the Antebellum South (Durham, N.C., 1994), 23–24; Jonathan Wells, Origins of the Southern Middle Class (Chapel Hill, 2004).
94. Besides Fogel, Without Consent or Contract , see Lawrence Shore, Southern Capitalists (Chapel Hill, 1986), 11–15; William Scarborough, Masters of the Big House (Baton Rouge, 2003).
95. Joyce Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 59.
96. For more on the slaveholders’ political influence, see Robin Einhorn, American Taxation, American Slavery (Chicago, 2006).
97. John Mayfield, The New Nation , rev. ed. (New York, 1982), 3–5; James Young, The Washington Community (New York, 1966).
1. Washington National Intelligencer , Jan. 8, 1815. On communication between New Orleans and Washington, see Leonard Huber and Clarence Wagner, The Great Mail: A Postal History of New Orleans (State College, Pa., 1949).
2. “In the present time of public calamity and war,” President Madison set aside the day as one “of public humiliation and fasting and of prayer to Almighty God for the safety and welfare of these States, His blessing on their arms, and a speedy restoration of peace.” Presidential Messages , I, 558.
3. Ibid., 558–60; Irving Brant, James Madison: Commander in Chief (New York, 1961), 366.
4. Harry Ammon, James Monroe (New York, 1971), 330; J.C.A. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War (Princeton, 1983), 407–16.
5. Frank A. Casell, “Slaves of the Chesapeake Bay Area and the War of 1812,” Journal of Negro History 57 (1972): 144–55; quotation from Sir George Cockburn on 151. See also John K. Mahon, The War of 1812 (Gainesville, Fla., 1972), 312–15.
6. Quotations from James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 1800–1828 (New York, 1966), 184, and Robert Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence, Kans., 1990), 159.
7. Paul Jennings, “A Colored Man’s Reminiscences of James Madison” (1865), White House History 1 (1983): 46–51, quotation from 47.
8. Ralph Ketcham, James Madison (New York, 1971), 577–78; Virginia Moore, The Madisons (New York, 1979), 321. The Madisons’ conduct was satirized in a mock-heroic poem, The Bladensburg Races (Washington, 1816).
9. Washington National Intelligencer , Sept. 2, 1814; Ketcham, Madison , 579.
10. Washington National Intelligencer , Aug. 31, 1814; Charles W. Humphries, “The Capture of York,” in Morris Zaslow, ed., The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812 (Toronto, 1964), 251–70.
11. Walter Lord, The Dawn’s Early Light (New York, 1972), 182–83, 197–201.
12. Robin Winks, The Blacks in Canada (New Haven, 1971), 114–27; Frank A. Updyke, The Diplomacy of the War of 1812 (1915; Gloucester, Mass., 1965), 404.
13. William Wirt, quoted in Henry Adams, History of the United States During the Administration of James Madison (New York, 1890), VIII, 231.
14. The Republican Party of Jefferson was not the same as the Republican Party of Lincoln, which was founded in the 1850s and still exists today. The Republican Party of Jefferson eventually split, the “Old” Republicans becoming the Democratic Party of today and the “National” Republicans becoming the Whigs.
15. See C. Edward Skeen, John Armstrong, Jr. (Syracuse, N.Y., 1981), 187–213.
16. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War , 424–28.
17. James Madison to John Adams, Dec. 17, 1814, quoted in Rutland, Presidency of Madison , 181.
18. See Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War , 438–39; Rutland, Presidency of Madison , 173–75, 185; Ammon, James
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