The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger by Marc Levinson Page B

‘Anyport’ to ‘Superterminal,’ “in
Shipping and Ports in the Twenty-first Century
, ed. David Pinder and Brian Slack (London, 2004), pp. 130–134; U.S. Department of Commerce, Marad, “Containerized Cargo Statistics Calendar Year 1974” (Washington, DC, 1974), p. 7; Austin J. Tobin, “Political and Economic Implications of Changing Port Concepts,” in Schenker and Brockel,
Port Planning and Development
, p. 269. On Richmond’s brief experience as a containerport, see John Parr Cox, “Parr Terminal: Fifty Years of Industry on the Richmond Waterfront,” interview by Judith K. Dunning (Berkeley, 1992), pp. 181–183.
    23. PNYA,
Via
—
Port of New York, Special Issue: Transatlantic Transport Preview
, (1965), pp. 12–16.
    24. Anthony G. Hoare, “British Ports and Their Export Hinterlands: A Rapidly Changing Geography,”
Geografiska Annaler, Series B. Human Geography
68, no. 1 (1986): 30–32;
Fairplay
, September 14, 1967, p. 5.
    25. Wilson,
Dockers
, pp. 137, 309.
    26. Ibid., pp. 181–191; Anthony J. Tozzoli, “Containerization and Its Impact on Port Development,”
Journal of the Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers
98, no. WW3 (1972): 335;
Fairplay
, May 16, 1968, p. 51.
    27. McKinsey & Company, “Containerization: The Key to Low-Cost Transport,” June 1967; A. D. Little, “Containerisation on the North Atlantic,” p. 61; Turnbull, “Contesting Globalization,” pp. 367–391.
    28. “Developments in London,”
Fairplay
, November 17, 1966, p. 29.
    29. Wilson,
Dockers
, p. 239; J. R. Whittaker,
Containerization
(Washington, DC, 1975), pp. 35–42.
    30. Wilson,
Dockers
, p. 152;
Fairplay
, July 18, 1968, p. 9.
    31. Morrison interview, COHP; “UK Dockers Accept Pay Offer,”
JOC
, March 23, 1970; Edward A. Morrow, “‘Intermodal’ Fee Stirs a Dispute,”
NYT
, April 8, 1968; “Shipping Events: Inquiry Barred,”
NYT
, July 26, 1968.
    32. Hoare, “British Ports,” pp. 35–39; D. J. Connolly, “Social Repercussions of New Cargo Handling Methods in the Port of London,”
International Labour History
105 (1972): 555. Connolly charges “the application of cargo handling technology” with “the decline of the traditional dockland communities, and consequently, the debasement of social life among the dockworkers concerned,” p. 566.
    33. Turnbull, “Contesting Globalization,” pp. 387–388; Wilson,
Dockers
, pp. 243–244;
Fortune
, November 1967, p. 152.
    34. Bremer Ausschuß für Wirtschaftsforschung,
Container Facilities
, pp. 48–51.
    35. National Ports Council,
Container and Roll-On Port Statistics, Great Britain, 1911: Part 1
(London, 1971), p. 31; National Ports Council,
Annual Digest of Port Statistics 1974
, Vol. 1 (London, 1975), Table 41; Henry G. Overman and L. Alan Winters, “The Geography of UK International Trade,” Working Paper CEPDP0606, Centre for Economic Performance, London, January 2004. Overman and Winters’s figures have been recalculated to exclude airborne trade.
    36.
Fairplay
, April 3, 1975, p. 15, and April 17, 1975, p. 56; National Ports Council,
Annual Digest.
Overman and Winters attribute the shift in port performance to the changed pattern of British trade after 1973, and neglect the impact of containerization on the growth or decline of individual ports. See also Whittaker,
Containerization
, p. 33, and UK Department for Transport, “Recent Developments and Prospects at UK Container Ports” (London, 2000), Table 4. Department for Transport,
Transport Statistics Report: Maritime Statistics 2002
(London, 2003), Table 4.3, provides 1965 tonnage figures for sixty-eight British ports, but data for Felixstowe are not available.
    37. Katims interview, COHP.
    38.
Jane’s Freight Containers
, p. 324; A. G. Hopper, P. H. Judd, and G. Williams, “Cargo Handling and Its Effect on Dry Cargo Ship Design,”
Quarterly Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects
106, no. 2