The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger by Marc Levinson
Authors: Marc Levinson
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1968, Classified Organizational History Files, 1st Logistical Command, U.S. Army Pacific, RG 550, NACP; Memorandum from COMSERVPAC to COMNAVSUPSTSCOMME, June 30, 1968, Classified Organizational History Files, Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics, RG 472, NACP; Memorandum from Commander, MSTS, September 26, 1968, Organizational History Files, Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics, RG 472, NACP; Memorandum for Record, Expanded Containership Service to RVN, December 31, 1968, Classified Organizational History Files, Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics, RG 472, NACP; Joseph M. Heiser, Jr.,
Vietnam Studies: Logistic Support
(Washington, DC, 1974), p. 199.
23. “Remarks of Malcom P. McLean” in MSTS, “MSTS/Industry Conference on Military Sealift, 12–23 December 1967,” Command History, MSTS, OAB/NHC; Classified Organizational History Files for the Quarter Ending 30 April 1968, 1st Logistical Command, RG 472, NACP; Bes-son testimony, August 4, 1970, p. 46.
24. Vice Admiral Lawson P. Ramage, Speech to National Defense Transportation Agency 22nd National Transportation and Logistics Forum, October 6, 1967, Command History, MSTS, OAB/NHC; “New Supply Concept Comes to Vietnam”; Besson remarks to National Defense Transportation Association, October 14, 1968, p. 13, and congressional testimony, August 4, 1970, pp. 73–75. The Joint Logistics Review Board’s recommendations were controversial and were carried out only in part; see, for example, the objections to merging the MSTS with the army’s port and trucking operations, in Edwin B. Hooper, “The Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Edwin B. Hooper” (Annapolis, 1978), pp. 472–474.
25. Frank B. Case, “Contingencies, Container Ships, and Lighterage,”
Army Logistician
2, no. 2 (1970): 16–22. On containerization of ammunition, see “Operation TOCSA: A Containerization First!”
Army Logistician
2, no. 5 (1970): 14, and
Sealift
, April 1970, pp. 14–16; Besson testimony, August 4, 1970, p. 47.
26. Military Prime Contract Files, July 1, 1965-June 30, 1973, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, RG 330, NACP. On competitive bidding, see Ramage, “Reminiscences,” pp. 540–542. Sea-Land’s revenues are reported in ICC,
Transport Statistics
, Part 5: Carriers by Water, Table 4.
27. Katims interview, COHP; author’s interview with William P. Hub-bardjulyl, 1993.
28. MSTS Area Commanders Conference, March 1968, pp. 63, 92, 96; Review and Analysis, March 1968, Command History, 1st Logistical Command, RG 472, NACP.
29. Memorandum from C. F. Pfeifer, Inspector General, on Asia trip October 8–18, 1967, Command Histories, MSTS, OAB/NHC; Classified Organizational History Files for the Quarter Ending April 30, 1968, 1st Logistical Command, Records of U.S. Army Pacific, RG 550, NACP.
30.
Jane’s Freight Containers
, p. 309.
31.
Jane’s Freight Containers, 1969–70
(New York, 1969), pp. 179–180; Mark Rosenstein, “The Rise of Maritime Containerization in the Port of Oakland, 1950 to 1970” (M.A. thesis, New York University, 2000), p. 95; memo, H. E. Anderson, Traffic Manager, Pacific Command, October 30, 1968, General Records, Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics, MACV, RG 472, NACP.
32. Worden,
Cargoes
, pp. 150–153; Harlander interview, COHP.
33. Scott Morrison interview, COHP; “Sea-Land Keeps Port Schedule,”
Baltimore Sun
, March 18, 1968; Boylston interview, COHP; Rosenstein, “The Rise of Maritime Containerization,” p. 96.
34. Marad, Office of Maritime Promotion, “Cargo Data,” March 11, 1969.
Chapter 10
Ports in a Storm
1. Thomas B. Crowley, “Crowley Maritime Corporation: San Francisco Bay Tugboats to International Transportation Fleet,” interview by Miriam Feingold Stein (Berkeley, 1983), p. 33.
2. Census Bureau,
Historical Statistics
, Q495–496, p. 757; Roger H. Gilman, “The Port, a Focal Point,”
Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers
, 1958, p. 365.
3. Gilman, “The Port, a Focal Point”
Vietnam Studies: Logistic Support
(Washington, DC, 1974), p. 199.
23. “Remarks of Malcom P. McLean” in MSTS, “MSTS/Industry Conference on Military Sealift, 12–23 December 1967,” Command History, MSTS, OAB/NHC; Classified Organizational History Files for the Quarter Ending 30 April 1968, 1st Logistical Command, RG 472, NACP; Bes-son testimony, August 4, 1970, p. 46.
24. Vice Admiral Lawson P. Ramage, Speech to National Defense Transportation Agency 22nd National Transportation and Logistics Forum, October 6, 1967, Command History, MSTS, OAB/NHC; “New Supply Concept Comes to Vietnam”; Besson remarks to National Defense Transportation Association, October 14, 1968, p. 13, and congressional testimony, August 4, 1970, pp. 73–75. The Joint Logistics Review Board’s recommendations were controversial and were carried out only in part; see, for example, the objections to merging the MSTS with the army’s port and trucking operations, in Edwin B. Hooper, “The Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Edwin B. Hooper” (Annapolis, 1978), pp. 472–474.
25. Frank B. Case, “Contingencies, Container Ships, and Lighterage,”
Army Logistician
2, no. 2 (1970): 16–22. On containerization of ammunition, see “Operation TOCSA: A Containerization First!”
Army Logistician
2, no. 5 (1970): 14, and
Sealift
, April 1970, pp. 14–16; Besson testimony, August 4, 1970, p. 47.
26. Military Prime Contract Files, July 1, 1965-June 30, 1973, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, RG 330, NACP. On competitive bidding, see Ramage, “Reminiscences,” pp. 540–542. Sea-Land’s revenues are reported in ICC,
Transport Statistics
, Part 5: Carriers by Water, Table 4.
27. Katims interview, COHP; author’s interview with William P. Hub-bardjulyl, 1993.
28. MSTS Area Commanders Conference, March 1968, pp. 63, 92, 96; Review and Analysis, March 1968, Command History, 1st Logistical Command, RG 472, NACP.
29. Memorandum from C. F. Pfeifer, Inspector General, on Asia trip October 8–18, 1967, Command Histories, MSTS, OAB/NHC; Classified Organizational History Files for the Quarter Ending April 30, 1968, 1st Logistical Command, Records of U.S. Army Pacific, RG 550, NACP.
30.
Jane’s Freight Containers
, p. 309.
31.
Jane’s Freight Containers, 1969–70
(New York, 1969), pp. 179–180; Mark Rosenstein, “The Rise of Maritime Containerization in the Port of Oakland, 1950 to 1970” (M.A. thesis, New York University, 2000), p. 95; memo, H. E. Anderson, Traffic Manager, Pacific Command, October 30, 1968, General Records, Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics, MACV, RG 472, NACP.
32. Worden,
Cargoes
, pp. 150–153; Harlander interview, COHP.
33. Scott Morrison interview, COHP; “Sea-Land Keeps Port Schedule,”
Baltimore Sun
, March 18, 1968; Boylston interview, COHP; Rosenstein, “The Rise of Maritime Containerization,” p. 96.
34. Marad, Office of Maritime Promotion, “Cargo Data,” March 11, 1969.
Chapter 10
Ports in a Storm
1. Thomas B. Crowley, “Crowley Maritime Corporation: San Francisco Bay Tugboats to International Transportation Fleet,” interview by Miriam Feingold Stein (Berkeley, 1983), p. 33.
2. Census Bureau,
Historical Statistics
, Q495–496, p. 757; Roger H. Gilman, “The Port, a Focal Point,”
Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers
, 1958, p. 365.
3. Gilman, “The Port, a Focal Point”
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