From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776
(Winter 1988), 36–37.

5 . Quoted in Larry Gara,
The Presidency of Franklin Pierce
(Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 129.

6 . Quoted in Robert W. Johannsen,
To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination
(New York, 1987), 144–45.

7 . Quoted in Edwin T. Greninger, "Tennesseans Abroad in 1851–1852,"
Tennessee Historical Quarterly
49 (Summer 1990), 81–82. See also Reginald C. Stuart,
United States Expansionism and British North America
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 148–66.

8 . Gara,
Pierce,
57–59.

9 . Paul H. Bergeron,
The Presidency of James K. Polk
(Lawrence, Kans., 1987), 218–19.

10 . Quoted in Ralph Davis Jr., "Diplomatic Plumage: American Court Dress in the Early National Period,"
American Quarterly
20, no. 2 (1968), 175–79; Gara,
Pierce,
58–59.

11 . Norman E. Saul,
Distant Friends: The United States and Russia, 1763–1867
(Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 253.

12 . Weeks,
Continental Empire,
59–62.

13 . The classic study, an intellectual history, remains Albert K. Weinberg,
Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History
(Baltimore, Md., 1935). Other major works include Frederick Merk,
Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation
(New York, 1966), Thomas R. Hietala,
Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Jacksonian America
(Ithaca, N.Y., 1985), and Anders Stephanson,
Manifest Destiny—American Expansion and the Empire of Right
(New York, 1995).

14 . Reginald Horsman,
Race and Manifest Destiny
(Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 301.

15 . Richard P. McCormick,
The Second American Party System
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1966); Ronald P. Formisano,
The Birth of Mass Political Parties, Michigan, 1827–1861
(Princeton, N.J., 1971); Michael F. Holt,
Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the American Civil War
(New York, 1999).

16 . Michael A. Morrison, "Westward the Curse of Empire: Texas Annexation and the American Whig Party,"
Journal of the Early Republic
10 (Summer 1990), 226–29; Hietala,
Manifest Design,
95–131, 196.

17 . Morrison, "Westward," 230–33; Norma Lois Peterson,
The Presidencies of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler
(Lawrence, Kans., 1989), 138. See also Major Wilson,
Space, Time, and Freedom: The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict
(Westport, Conn., 1974).

18 . Edward P. Crapol, "The Foreign Policy of Anti-slavery, 1833–1846," in Lloyd C. Gardner, ed.,
Redefining the Past: Essays in Diplomatic History in Honor of William Apple-man Williams
(Corvallis, Ore., 1986), 88–102.

19 . Hietala,
Manifest Design,
30–32. For a sampling of slaveholder fear mongering, see Edmund P. Gaines to Calhoun, May 5, 1844, in Clyde Wilson, ed.,
The Papers of John C. Calhoun,
vol. 18 (Columbia, S.C., 1989), 440–44, Calhoun to Ana Maria Calhoun Clemson, May 16, 1844, ibid., 469, Calhoun to William King, August 12, 1844, ibid., vol. 19 (Columbia, S.C., 1990), 574–75, Robert M. Harrison to Calhoun, August 12, 1844, ibid., 634–36, and Wilson introduction to ibid., xiii–xviii.

20 . Hietala,
Manifest Design,
passim.

21 . Stuart,
United States Expansionism,
85–99.

22 . Ibid., 126–47; Howard Jones and Donald A. Rakestraw,
Prologue to Manifest Destiny: Anglo-American Relations in the 1840s
(Wilmington, Del., 1997), 21–41; Scott Kaufman and John A. Soares Jr., " 'Sagacious Beyond Praise'? Winfield Scott and Anglo-American-Canadian Border Diplomacy, 1837–1860,"
Diplomatic History
30 (January 2006), 58–66.

23 . Jones and Rakestraw,
Prologue,
8–11, Kaufman and Soares, "Scott," 66–71.

24 . Jones and Rakestraw,
Prologue,
81–89.

27 . Charles S. Campbell,
From Revolution to Rapprochement: The United States and Great Britain, 1783–1900
(New York, 1974), 62; Stuart,
United States Expansionism,
101–2; Jones and Rakestraw,
Prologue,
149. The standard account is Howard Jones,
To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783–1843
(Chapel Hill,

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