.
Talhami, Mobilization, 63 .
Gerges, Far Enemy, 2 – 3 .
Zainab al-Ghazali, Return of the Pharaoh: Memoir in Nasir’s Prison, trans. Mokrane Guezzou (Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1994 / 1415 AH), 40 . This is the trans- lation I cite throughout. I give throughout, too, page references to the Arabic text. Zainab al-Ghazali, Ayam min Hayati, Dar al-Shuruq, 10 th ed. (Cairo, 1988 ), 38 . According to Kepel, Muslim Extremism, al-Ghazali stood at the other extreme from the young advo- cates of violence to overthrow the Nasser regime, arguing that the best they could do would be to establish “educational programmes” ( 31 ).
Al-Ghazali, Return of the Pharaoh, 41 ; Ayam min Hayati, 39 – 40 .
Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, and Political Change in Egypt (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002 ), 127 .
Kepel, Muslim Extremism, 29 – 31 .
Talhami, Mobilization, 63 – 64 .
Ibrahim, “Egypt’s Islamic Activism,” 642 – 43 . See also Esposito, “Contempo- rary Islam,” 667 .
Esposito, “Contemporary Islam,” 667 .
See al-Sayyid Marsot, Short History, 134 – 36 ; and John Waterbury, Egypt: Bur- dens of the Past, Options for the Future (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in asso- ciation with the American Universities Field Staff, 1978 ), 151 . See also Saad Eddin Ibrahim, The New Arab Social Order: A Study of the Social Impact of Oil Wealth (Boulder, Colo.: Westview; London: Croom Helm, 1982 ), 18 .
Ahmed, Women and Gender, 219 .
Fadwa El Guindi, “Veiling Infitah with Muslim Ethic: Egypt’s Contemporary Islamic Movement,” Social Problems 28 , no. 4 (April 1981 ): 476 .
Known collectively as al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya . Wickham, Mobilizing Islam, 96 ; Esposito, “Contemporary Islam,” 657 .
Wickham, Mobilizing Islam, 116
El Guindi, “Veiling Infitah,” 479 – 80 .
Ahmed, Women and Gender, 219 .
Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Anthony F. Roberts (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000 ), 63 .
Esposito, “Contemporary Islam,” 657 .
Fadwa El Guindi, “The Emerging Islamic Order: The Case of Egypt’s Con- temporary Islamic Movement,” Journal of Arab Affairs 1 , no. 2 ( 1982 ): 253 .
El Guindi sets forth much of this material in three articles in particular: “Veil- ing Infitah” and “The Emerging Islamic Order,” both mentioned above, and “Religious Revival and Islamic Survival in Egypt,” International Insight 1 , no. 2 ( 1980 ): 6 – 10 .
El Guindi, “Religious Revival,” 8 .
Talhami, Mobilization, 48 .
El Guindi, “Veiling Infitah,” 475 .
Talhami, Mobilization, 59 – 60 ; Kepel, Jihad, 84 – 85 .
El Guindi, “Emerging Islamic Order,” 256 .
Material in this and the following paragraph is from El Guindi, “Veiling Infi- tah,” 376 , 474 – 75 .
El Guindi, “Emerging Islamic Order,” 253 – 54 .
Fadwa El Guindi, Veil: Modesty, Privacy, and Resistance (New York: Berg, Ox- ford International, 1999 ), 161 .
El Guindi, Veil, 168 , and “Veiling Infitah,” 470 .
Material in this and the following paragraph are from Talhami, Mobilization,
43 – 44 , 54 .
John Alden Williams, “Return of the Veil in Egypt,” Middle East Review 11 (Spring 1979 ): 53 ; Sherifa Zuhur, Revealing Reveiling: Islamic Gender Ideology in Contem- porary Egypt (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992 ), 77 , 104 .
Quotations in this and the following four paragraphs are from Williams, “Re- turn of the Veil,” 49 – 53 .
Williams, “Return of the Veil,” 50 – 51 ; John Alden Williams, “Veiling in Egypt as a Political and Social Phenomenon,” in John L. Esposito, ed., Islam and Development Religion and Sociopolitical Change (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1980 ), 75 .
This and the following quotation are from El Guindi, “Veiling Infitah,” 383 ,
481 .
Quotations in this and the following five paragraphs are from Williams, “Re-
turn of the Veil,” 53 – 54 .
Zainab Abdel Mejid Radwan, Thahirat
Talhami, Mobilization, 63 .
Gerges, Far Enemy, 2 – 3 .
Zainab al-Ghazali, Return of the Pharaoh: Memoir in Nasir’s Prison, trans. Mokrane Guezzou (Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1994 / 1415 AH), 40 . This is the trans- lation I cite throughout. I give throughout, too, page references to the Arabic text. Zainab al-Ghazali, Ayam min Hayati, Dar al-Shuruq, 10 th ed. (Cairo, 1988 ), 38 . According to Kepel, Muslim Extremism, al-Ghazali stood at the other extreme from the young advo- cates of violence to overthrow the Nasser regime, arguing that the best they could do would be to establish “educational programmes” ( 31 ).
Al-Ghazali, Return of the Pharaoh, 41 ; Ayam min Hayati, 39 – 40 .
Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, and Political Change in Egypt (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002 ), 127 .
Kepel, Muslim Extremism, 29 – 31 .
Talhami, Mobilization, 63 – 64 .
Ibrahim, “Egypt’s Islamic Activism,” 642 – 43 . See also Esposito, “Contempo- rary Islam,” 667 .
Esposito, “Contemporary Islam,” 667 .
See al-Sayyid Marsot, Short History, 134 – 36 ; and John Waterbury, Egypt: Bur- dens of the Past, Options for the Future (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in asso- ciation with the American Universities Field Staff, 1978 ), 151 . See also Saad Eddin Ibrahim, The New Arab Social Order: A Study of the Social Impact of Oil Wealth (Boulder, Colo.: Westview; London: Croom Helm, 1982 ), 18 .
Ahmed, Women and Gender, 219 .
Fadwa El Guindi, “Veiling Infitah with Muslim Ethic: Egypt’s Contemporary Islamic Movement,” Social Problems 28 , no. 4 (April 1981 ): 476 .
Known collectively as al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya . Wickham, Mobilizing Islam, 96 ; Esposito, “Contemporary Islam,” 657 .
Wickham, Mobilizing Islam, 116
El Guindi, “Veiling Infitah,” 479 – 80 .
Ahmed, Women and Gender, 219 .
Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Anthony F. Roberts (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000 ), 63 .
Esposito, “Contemporary Islam,” 657 .
Fadwa El Guindi, “The Emerging Islamic Order: The Case of Egypt’s Con- temporary Islamic Movement,” Journal of Arab Affairs 1 , no. 2 ( 1982 ): 253 .
El Guindi sets forth much of this material in three articles in particular: “Veil- ing Infitah” and “The Emerging Islamic Order,” both mentioned above, and “Religious Revival and Islamic Survival in Egypt,” International Insight 1 , no. 2 ( 1980 ): 6 – 10 .
El Guindi, “Religious Revival,” 8 .
Talhami, Mobilization, 48 .
El Guindi, “Veiling Infitah,” 475 .
Talhami, Mobilization, 59 – 60 ; Kepel, Jihad, 84 – 85 .
El Guindi, “Emerging Islamic Order,” 256 .
Material in this and the following paragraph is from El Guindi, “Veiling Infi- tah,” 376 , 474 – 75 .
El Guindi, “Emerging Islamic Order,” 253 – 54 .
Fadwa El Guindi, Veil: Modesty, Privacy, and Resistance (New York: Berg, Ox- ford International, 1999 ), 161 .
El Guindi, Veil, 168 , and “Veiling Infitah,” 470 .
Material in this and the following paragraph are from Talhami, Mobilization,
43 – 44 , 54 .
John Alden Williams, “Return of the Veil in Egypt,” Middle East Review 11 (Spring 1979 ): 53 ; Sherifa Zuhur, Revealing Reveiling: Islamic Gender Ideology in Contem- porary Egypt (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992 ), 77 , 104 .
Quotations in this and the following four paragraphs are from Williams, “Re- turn of the Veil,” 49 – 53 .
Williams, “Return of the Veil,” 50 – 51 ; John Alden Williams, “Veiling in Egypt as a Political and Social Phenomenon,” in John L. Esposito, ed., Islam and Development Religion and Sociopolitical Change (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1980 ), 75 .
This and the following quotation are from El Guindi, “Veiling Infitah,” 383 ,
481 .
Quotations in this and the following five paragraphs are from Williams, “Re-
turn of the Veil,” 53 – 54 .
Zainab Abdel Mejid Radwan, Thahirat
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