222–24; Temple, 28, 34, 35, 36, 38–45, 51, 61–62, 65
Jesus, 3, 28, 35, 45, 49–70, 83–84, 112, 128, 154–55, 158, 177, 293, 308, 409; Ascension, 60, 85; 49, 57, 59, 82, 85, 413; historic, 49–50, 54–57, 90; Holy Family and, 59–61; Judaism and, 50, 52, 57, 98, 366, 413–14; life of, 50–54; literacy and, 96–100; privilege and, 88–100; reliability of Gospels and, 54–57; Resurrection, 49, 85, 215; women and, 124–25
Jews and Judaism, 3, 9, 13, 21, 27–31, 33–45, 90, 155, 165, 175, 205, 207, 286, 294, 377, 378, 390, 391, 408, 417; American, 356, 358; ancient, 12–31, 33–45; conversion, 65–70, 71–85, 344–47; early Christian literacy and, 96–100; early Christians persecuted by, 62–65; fertility, 80; Hellenistic, 36–38, 66, 75–79, 80–81; Herod and, 34–36, 38, 42; Inquisition and, 333, 344–47; Jesus and, 50, 52, 57, 98, 366, 413–14; Law, 75, 76, 80; Marranos, 344–47; Messianism, 44–45; Muslims and, 200, 207–210; persecution of, 27–29, 34, 37, 42, 61–63, 140, 200, 207, 333, 344–47; pluralism, 38–43, 63; priests, 39–40, 43; Revolts, 37, 42–43, 65, 70, 77, 199; Roman, 13, 27–31, 33, 37, 41–45, 56, 58, 62–65, 72, 77, 158–59; Samaritan, 36; sects, 38–43; synagogues, 41–42, 62, 72, 78–80; Temple, 38–45, 51, 61–62, 65; women, 80, 122–24, 128; Zealots, 42–45, 154. See also Diasporan Jews
John, 50, 53, 54, 82, 91
John X, Pope, 301
John XI, Pope, 302
John XII, Pope, 302
John XIX, Pope, 302
John Paul II, Pope, 397
John the Baptist, 43, 50, 52, 54, 91
Joseph, 51, 59–61, 90
Joseph of Arimathea, 91
Josephus, 40–45, 49, 56, 65, 80, 106, 154
Jovian, 190
Judas, 60
Judas of Galilee, 42–43
Judea, 34–45, 53, 56, 61, 63
Judge, E. A., 89, 93, 112
Julian the Apostate, 118, 169, 183, 187–90, 193, 194, 195; anti-Christian efforts, 185, 187–90
Jupiter, 14, 17, 18, 29
Justin Martyr, 127
Justinian, 185, 190
kabbalah, 268
Kepler, Johannes, 280, 284, 287
Kim, Hyojoung, 324, 325, 327
Kirsch, Jonathan, 334; God Against the Gods, 183; The Grand Inquisitor’s Manual, 335
knightly class, 215; Crusaders, 215–34, 244
Knights Hospitaller, 227
Knights Templar, 227, 230, 233
Lactantius, 190
Laodicea, 159
Latin, 241, 249, 251, 260, 265, 282, 318
Latin America, 5, 134, 353, 387, 396–404; Catholicism, 396–97, 398, 399, 400–403, 403, 404; pluralism, 396–99, 399, 400–403, 403, 404; Protestantism, 397–99, 399, 400
lazy churches, 376–79
Leftist politics, 382–83
Leo V, Pope, 301
Leo VI, Pope, 301
Leo IX, Pope, 305–306
Leo X, Pope, 315, 318, 322, 328
Leviticus, 124
Liberation Theology, 401–402
literacy, 96–100, 249, 326
literature, 249, 251; Inquisition scenes, 334; medieval, 249
Livy, 23, 24
Locke, John, 265, 277
Lollards, 103, 313, 338, 348
Lord’s Prayer, 260, 263, 265, 270
love, 18, 113; magic, 268, 270, 341, 342
Loyola, Ignatius, 316
Lucian of Antioch, 177
Lucius III, Pope, 312
Luke, 36, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 66, 76, 77, 90, 91, 99
Luteranos, 347–48
Luther, Martin, 4–5, 101, 103, 256, 263, 265, 272, 313, 315–32, 345, 416; Ninety-Five Theses, 318; Reformation, 315–32, 416; Reformation Treatises, 318; at Worms, 319–20
Lutheranism, 197, 256–58, 261, 263, 265, 316–22, 333, 377, 416; American, 354, 356, 359–60, 371; city governance and, 326–27; Inquisition and, 333, 344, 345, 347–48, 350; monopolies, 320; printers and, 323–24, 326; royal self-interest and, 328–30; spread of, 316–32; universities and, 325–26
Lyons, 139–40
Maccabean Revolt, 37
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 249
MacMullen, Ramsay, 183, 195, 197
Magi, 12, 85
magic, 266, 267–72, 341–44; church, 269–71, 341–44; love and sex, 268, 270, 341, 342; medical, 267, 269, 270, 271, 341; revenge, 268, 270; weather, 267–68, 269, 270, 341
Mameluke army, 226, 227
Mamlūks, 209–210
Manichaeism, 175, 199
Marcionism, 77–78, 175, 179, 199
Marcus Aurelius, 114, 139–40
Mark, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 91
Marozia, 301–302
Marranos, 344–47
marriage, 122; bigamy,
Jesus, 3, 28, 35, 45, 49–70, 83–84, 112, 128, 154–55, 158, 177, 293, 308, 409; Ascension, 60, 85; 49, 57, 59, 82, 85, 413; historic, 49–50, 54–57, 90; Holy Family and, 59–61; Judaism and, 50, 52, 57, 98, 366, 413–14; life of, 50–54; literacy and, 96–100; privilege and, 88–100; reliability of Gospels and, 54–57; Resurrection, 49, 85, 215; women and, 124–25
Jews and Judaism, 3, 9, 13, 21, 27–31, 33–45, 90, 155, 165, 175, 205, 207, 286, 294, 377, 378, 390, 391, 408, 417; American, 356, 358; ancient, 12–31, 33–45; conversion, 65–70, 71–85, 344–47; early Christian literacy and, 96–100; early Christians persecuted by, 62–65; fertility, 80; Hellenistic, 36–38, 66, 75–79, 80–81; Herod and, 34–36, 38, 42; Inquisition and, 333, 344–47; Jesus and, 50, 52, 57, 98, 366, 413–14; Law, 75, 76, 80; Marranos, 344–47; Messianism, 44–45; Muslims and, 200, 207–210; persecution of, 27–29, 34, 37, 42, 61–63, 140, 200, 207, 333, 344–47; pluralism, 38–43, 63; priests, 39–40, 43; Revolts, 37, 42–43, 65, 70, 77, 199; Roman, 13, 27–31, 33, 37, 41–45, 56, 58, 62–65, 72, 77, 158–59; Samaritan, 36; sects, 38–43; synagogues, 41–42, 62, 72, 78–80; Temple, 38–45, 51, 61–62, 65; women, 80, 122–24, 128; Zealots, 42–45, 154. See also Diasporan Jews
John, 50, 53, 54, 82, 91
John X, Pope, 301
John XI, Pope, 302
John XII, Pope, 302
John XIX, Pope, 302
John Paul II, Pope, 397
John the Baptist, 43, 50, 52, 54, 91
Joseph, 51, 59–61, 90
Joseph of Arimathea, 91
Josephus, 40–45, 49, 56, 65, 80, 106, 154
Jovian, 190
Judas, 60
Judas of Galilee, 42–43
Judea, 34–45, 53, 56, 61, 63
Judge, E. A., 89, 93, 112
Julian the Apostate, 118, 169, 183, 187–90, 193, 194, 195; anti-Christian efforts, 185, 187–90
Jupiter, 14, 17, 18, 29
Justin Martyr, 127
Justinian, 185, 190
kabbalah, 268
Kepler, Johannes, 280, 284, 287
Kim, Hyojoung, 324, 325, 327
Kirsch, Jonathan, 334; God Against the Gods, 183; The Grand Inquisitor’s Manual, 335
knightly class, 215; Crusaders, 215–34, 244
Knights Hospitaller, 227
Knights Templar, 227, 230, 233
Lactantius, 190
Laodicea, 159
Latin, 241, 249, 251, 260, 265, 282, 318
Latin America, 5, 134, 353, 387, 396–404; Catholicism, 396–97, 398, 399, 400–403, 403, 404; pluralism, 396–99, 399, 400–403, 403, 404; Protestantism, 397–99, 399, 400
lazy churches, 376–79
Leftist politics, 382–83
Leo V, Pope, 301
Leo VI, Pope, 301
Leo IX, Pope, 305–306
Leo X, Pope, 315, 318, 322, 328
Leviticus, 124
Liberation Theology, 401–402
literacy, 96–100, 249, 326
literature, 249, 251; Inquisition scenes, 334; medieval, 249
Livy, 23, 24
Locke, John, 265, 277
Lollards, 103, 313, 338, 348
Lord’s Prayer, 260, 263, 265, 270
love, 18, 113; magic, 268, 270, 341, 342
Loyola, Ignatius, 316
Lucian of Antioch, 177
Lucius III, Pope, 312
Luke, 36, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 66, 76, 77, 90, 91, 99
Luteranos, 347–48
Luther, Martin, 4–5, 101, 103, 256, 263, 265, 272, 313, 315–32, 345, 416; Ninety-Five Theses, 318; Reformation, 315–32, 416; Reformation Treatises, 318; at Worms, 319–20
Lutheranism, 197, 256–58, 261, 263, 265, 316–22, 333, 377, 416; American, 354, 356, 359–60, 371; city governance and, 326–27; Inquisition and, 333, 344, 345, 347–48, 350; monopolies, 320; printers and, 323–24, 326; royal self-interest and, 328–30; spread of, 316–32; universities and, 325–26
Lyons, 139–40
Maccabean Revolt, 37
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 249
MacMullen, Ramsay, 183, 195, 197
Magi, 12, 85
magic, 266, 267–72, 341–44; church, 269–71, 341–44; love and sex, 268, 270, 341, 342; medical, 267, 269, 270, 271, 341; revenge, 268, 270; weather, 267–68, 269, 270, 341
Mameluke army, 226, 227
Mamlūks, 209–210
Manichaeism, 175, 199
Marcionism, 77–78, 175, 179, 199
Marcus Aurelius, 114, 139–40
Mark, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 91
Marozia, 301–302
Marranos, 344–47
marriage, 122; bigamy,
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