The Republican Brain by is Mooney Page A

information. They do not study repeated encounters over time.
    Based on what we’ve already seen, though, it is certainly clear that conservatives are often strong motivated reasoners. And this seems to help explain many of their incorrect beliefs, as well as their persistence and their endless rationalizations.
    But are liberals just the other side of the same coin? There are a lot of reasons not to think so—reasons that are themselves also rooted in published science. In the next section, then, I’ll turn to a different strand of research—one explicitly designed to test for liberal-conservative differences—and examine how it maps onto the kinds of biased reasoning behaviors discussed here.
    Notes
    43 reject the expertise of experts who don’t agree with them Kahan et al, “Cultural Cognition of Scientific Consensus,” Journal of Risk Research, Vol. 14, pp. 147–74, 2011. Available online at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1549444 .
    44 backfire effect Nyhan, Brendan and Jason Reifler. 2010. “When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions.” Political Behavior 32(2): 303–330. Available online at http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bnyhan/nyhan-reifler.pdf.
    45 Iraq and Al Qaeda were secrectly collaborating Monica Prasad et al, “‘There Must Be a Reason’: Osama, Saddam, and Inferred Justification,” Sociological Inquiry , Vol. 79, No. 2, May 2009, 142–162.
    47 “if they’re sophisticated . . .” Interview with Charles Taber and Milton Lodge, February 3, 2011.
    47 a little chart Pew Research Center for People and the Press, “A Deeper Partisan Divide over Global Warming,” May 8, 2008. Available online at http://people-press.org/report/417/a-deeper-partisan-divide-over-global-warming .
    48 This finding recurs Here’s a brief rundown: Study A found that less educated Republicans and less educated Democrats—or, Republicans and Democrats who profess to know less about the issue—were closer to one another in their views about whether global warming is really happening. Yet Democrats and Republicans who think they know a lot about the issue were completely polarized, with Republicans quite confident the science is wrong. (Lawrence C. Hamilton, “Climate Change: Partisanship, Understanding, and Public Opinion,” Carsey Institute Issue Brief No. 26, Spring 2011. Available online at http://www.carseyinstitute.unh.edu/publications/IB-Hamilton-Climate-Change-2011.pdf .)
    Study B found that among Republicans and those with higher levels of distrust of science in general, learning more about the issue doesn’t increase one’s concern about it. (Ariel Malka, Jon A. Krosnick, and Gary Langer, “The Association of Knowledge with Concern About Global Warming: Trusted Information Sources Shape Public Opinion,” Risk Analysis, Vol. 29, No. 5, 2009, finding, “Among people who trust scientists to provide reliable information about the environment and among Democrats and Independents, increased knowledge has been associated with increased concern. But among people who are skeptical about scientists and among Republicans more knowledge was generally not associated with greater concern.”)
    Study C found that conservative white males in particular were overwhelmingly more likely to deny climate science than other adults (59 percent versus 36 percent), and those conservative white males who thought they understood the issue were even more likely to be deniers. (Aaron McCright and Riley Dunlap, “Cool Dudes: The denial of climate change among conservative white males in the United States,” Global Environmental Change 21 , p. 1163–1172, 2011.)
    Study D found that “the effects of educational attainment and self-reported understanding on global warming beliefs and concern are positive for liberals and Democrats, but are weaker or negative for conservatives and