test
digestion in dogs led him to some
surgical procedures.
unexpected conclusions.
During the 1890s, Pavlov carried
1890 In Principles of
out a series of experiments on dogs,
If an unconditioned
Psychology, William James
using various surgically implanted
stimulus is accompanied
states that in animals “the
devices to measure the flow of
by a neutral stimulus
feeling of having executed
saliva when these animals were
(such as a ringing bell)…
one impulsive step is an
being fed. He noted that the dogs
indispensable part of the
salivated not only when they were
stimulus of the next one.”
actually eating, but also whenever
…a conditioned response
they could just smell or see some
AFTER
begins to develop.
appetizing food. The dogs would
1920 John B. Watson’s
even salivate, in anticipation of
“Little Albert” experiment
food being produced, when they
demonstrates classical
were simply being approached by
conditioning in humans.
one of their keepers.
After repeated episodes,
1930s B.F. Skinner shows
Pavlov’s observations led him
the conditioned stimulus
that rats can be “conditioned”
to investigate the links between
alone (the ringing bell)…
various stimuli and the responses
to behave in a specific way.
they elicited. In one experiment,
1950s Psychotherapists
he set off a clicking metronome
employ “conditioning” as
just before offering food to the
…will provoke a
part of behavior therapy.
conditioned response
dogs, repeating this process until
(beginning to salivate).
the animals always associated the
sound with a good meal. This
BEHAVIORISM 61
See also: William James 38–45 ■ John B. Watson 66–71 ■ B.F. Skinner 78–85 ■ Stanley Schachter 338
stimulus (bell, buzzer, or light)
with pain or some form of threat
and food had been established,
and began to elicit a conditioned
the dogs would respond to the
response of fear or anxiety.
stimulus by salivating.
The principle of what is now
known as classical or Pavlovian
Conditioned response
conditioning, as well as Pavlov’s
Pavlov concluded that the food
experimental method, marked a
offered to the dogs was an
groundbreaking step in the
“unconditioned stimulus” (US),
emergence of psychology as
because it led to an unlearned, or
a truly scientific, rather than
“unconditioned” response (UR)—in
philosophical, discipline. Pavlov’s
this case, salivation. The click of
work was to be hugely influential,
the metronome, however, only
particularly on US behaviorist
Pavlov’s dogs would salivate simply
became a stimulus to salivation
psychologists, such as John B.
at the sight of someone in a white lab
after its association with food had
Watson and B.F. Skinner. ■
coat. They had become “conditioned”
been learned. Pavlov then called
to associate the coat with eating, as
this a “conditioned stimulus” (CS).
whoever fed them always wore one.
The salivation in response to the
metronome was also learned, so
“conditioning” eventually resulted
was a “conditioned response” (CR).
in the dogs salivating in response
In later experiments, Pavlov
to the click of the metronome alone.
showed that conditioned responses
Facts are the air of science.
In further experiments, Pavlov
could be repressed, or “unlearned,” if
Without them a man of
replaced the metronome with a
the conditioned stimulus was given
science can never rise.
bell or buzzer, a flashing light, and
repeatedly without being followed
Ivan Pavlov
whistles of different pitches.
by food. He also demonstrated that
However, regardless of the nature
a conditioned response could be
of the stimulus used, the result
mental as well as physical, by
was the always same: once an
carrying out experiments in which
association between the neutral
various stimuli were associated
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov, the eldest son of a
here that he carried out his
village priest in
digestion in dogs led him to some
surgical procedures.
unexpected conclusions.
During the 1890s, Pavlov carried
1890 In Principles of
out a series of experiments on dogs,
If an unconditioned
Psychology, William James
using various surgically implanted
stimulus is accompanied
states that in animals “the
devices to measure the flow of
by a neutral stimulus
feeling of having executed
saliva when these animals were
(such as a ringing bell)…
one impulsive step is an
being fed. He noted that the dogs
indispensable part of the
salivated not only when they were
stimulus of the next one.”
actually eating, but also whenever
…a conditioned response
they could just smell or see some
AFTER
begins to develop.
appetizing food. The dogs would
1920 John B. Watson’s
even salivate, in anticipation of
“Little Albert” experiment
food being produced, when they
demonstrates classical
were simply being approached by
conditioning in humans.
one of their keepers.
After repeated episodes,
1930s B.F. Skinner shows
Pavlov’s observations led him
the conditioned stimulus
that rats can be “conditioned”
to investigate the links between
alone (the ringing bell)…
various stimuli and the responses
to behave in a specific way.
they elicited. In one experiment,
1950s Psychotherapists
he set off a clicking metronome
employ “conditioning” as
just before offering food to the
…will provoke a
part of behavior therapy.
conditioned response
dogs, repeating this process until
(beginning to salivate).
the animals always associated the
sound with a good meal. This
BEHAVIORISM 61
See also: William James 38–45 ■ John B. Watson 66–71 ■ B.F. Skinner 78–85 ■ Stanley Schachter 338
stimulus (bell, buzzer, or light)
with pain or some form of threat
and food had been established,
and began to elicit a conditioned
the dogs would respond to the
response of fear or anxiety.
stimulus by salivating.
The principle of what is now
known as classical or Pavlovian
Conditioned response
conditioning, as well as Pavlov’s
Pavlov concluded that the food
experimental method, marked a
offered to the dogs was an
groundbreaking step in the
“unconditioned stimulus” (US),
emergence of psychology as
because it led to an unlearned, or
a truly scientific, rather than
“unconditioned” response (UR)—in
philosophical, discipline. Pavlov’s
this case, salivation. The click of
work was to be hugely influential,
the metronome, however, only
particularly on US behaviorist
Pavlov’s dogs would salivate simply
became a stimulus to salivation
psychologists, such as John B.
at the sight of someone in a white lab
after its association with food had
Watson and B.F. Skinner. ■
coat. They had become “conditioned”
been learned. Pavlov then called
to associate the coat with eating, as
this a “conditioned stimulus” (CS).
whoever fed them always wore one.
The salivation in response to the
metronome was also learned, so
“conditioning” eventually resulted
was a “conditioned response” (CR).
in the dogs salivating in response
In later experiments, Pavlov
to the click of the metronome alone.
showed that conditioned responses
Facts are the air of science.
In further experiments, Pavlov
could be repressed, or “unlearned,” if
Without them a man of
replaced the metronome with a
the conditioned stimulus was given
science can never rise.
bell or buzzer, a flashing light, and
repeatedly without being followed
Ivan Pavlov
whistles of different pitches.
by food. He also demonstrated that
However, regardless of the nature
a conditioned response could be
of the stimulus used, the result
mental as well as physical, by
was the always same: once an
carrying out experiments in which
association between the neutral
various stimuli were associated
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Pavlov, the eldest son of a
here that he carried out his
village priest in
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