Florida’s Frontiers . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
proof
Klotzbach, Philip J. “El Niño-Southern Oscil ation’s Impact on Atlantic Basin Hurricanes
and U.S. Landfal s.” Journal of Climate 24 (2011):1252–63.
Larson, Lewis H., Jr. Aboriginal Subsistence Technology on the Southeastern Coastal Plain during the Late Prehistoric Period . Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1980.
North Carolina Atlas: Portrait of a Changing Southern State . Edited by James W. Clay, Douglas, M. Orr Jr., and Alfred W. Stuart. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press, 1975.
Silver, Timothy. A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists and Slaves in the South Atlantic Forests, 1500–1800 . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Stahle, David W., Malcolm K. Cleaveland, Dennis R. Blanton, Matthew D. Terrel , and
David A. Gay. “The Lost Colony and Jamestown Drought.” Science , n.s., 280, no. 5363
(1998):564–67.
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, The National Atlas of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970).
Wel s, B. W. “Ecological Problems of the Southeastern United States Coastal Plain.” Botani-
cal Review 8 (1942):533–61.
Wharton, Charles H. The Natural Environments of Georgia . Atlanta: Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 1977.
4
Settlement and Survival
Eugene Lyon
Despite the poor opinion of Florida held at the Spanish Court and the belief
that the French were equal y uninterested in settling there, the situation was
about to change dramatical y. A brief look at France in this period helps to
explain why.
After the middle of the sixteenth century, France was rent by internal dis-
sension between its Crown and groups of powerful nobles. Those conflicts,
which had come to a head in 1560, were worsened by religious differences
between Catholics and Protestants that often erupted into violence. The
proof
intervention of other nations such as Spain in these internal wars further
destabilized France. Queen Catherine de Medicis, acting as regent for her
minor sons, Francis and Charles, temporized with the various factions and
married her daughter to King Felipe (Philip) II of Spain, but she was also
influenced by Gaspard de Coligny, seigneur of Châtillon, a Protestant noble
and admiral of France.
Despite internal troubles, France continued its Atlantic policy. When
the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) ended the last war with Spain, the
parties had not agreed upon the vital issue of the right of nations to settle
in the Americas, leaving the matter in an ambiguous state. While Spain
insisted that the papal donations gave her exclusive rights to North Amer-
ica, the French maintained that unsettled areas were free for anyone to sail
to and colonize. Thus, beginning in 1562, with the support of the French
Crown, Coligny dispatched three royal expeditions to what France cal ed
Nouvelle France (New France), on the southeast coast of what is now the
United States. Like Coligny himself, many of the leaders and mariners on
those voyages were Calvinist Protestants from the ports of Normandy and
Brittany.
· 55 ·
56 · Eugene Lyon
An able captain, Jean Ribaut, commanded the first expedition, which
made landfall near the present site of St. Augustine in the spring of 1562 and
erected a marble column bearing the French arms near the mouth of the St.
Johns, which he called the River May. Proceeding northward, he discovered
Port Royal harbor and planted a colony there, guarded by a fortification
cal ed Charlesfort. But when he returned to Europe, Ribaut was arrested
and detained in England; that and continuing disturbances in France pre-
vented the sending of reinforcements to Port Royal until April 1564. That
year proved to be one of heavy European traffic to and from Florida.
The Spaniards had learned belatedly of Ribaut’s settlement the year be-
fore, and Philip II licensed Lucas Vázquez de
proof
Klotzbach, Philip J. “El Niño-Southern Oscil ation’s Impact on Atlantic Basin Hurricanes
and U.S. Landfal s.” Journal of Climate 24 (2011):1252–63.
Larson, Lewis H., Jr. Aboriginal Subsistence Technology on the Southeastern Coastal Plain during the Late Prehistoric Period . Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1980.
North Carolina Atlas: Portrait of a Changing Southern State . Edited by James W. Clay, Douglas, M. Orr Jr., and Alfred W. Stuart. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press, 1975.
Silver, Timothy. A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists and Slaves in the South Atlantic Forests, 1500–1800 . New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Stahle, David W., Malcolm K. Cleaveland, Dennis R. Blanton, Matthew D. Terrel , and
David A. Gay. “The Lost Colony and Jamestown Drought.” Science , n.s., 280, no. 5363
(1998):564–67.
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, The National Atlas of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1970).
Wel s, B. W. “Ecological Problems of the Southeastern United States Coastal Plain.” Botani-
cal Review 8 (1942):533–61.
Wharton, Charles H. The Natural Environments of Georgia . Atlanta: Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 1977.
4
Settlement and Survival
Eugene Lyon
Despite the poor opinion of Florida held at the Spanish Court and the belief
that the French were equal y uninterested in settling there, the situation was
about to change dramatical y. A brief look at France in this period helps to
explain why.
After the middle of the sixteenth century, France was rent by internal dis-
sension between its Crown and groups of powerful nobles. Those conflicts,
which had come to a head in 1560, were worsened by religious differences
between Catholics and Protestants that often erupted into violence. The
proof
intervention of other nations such as Spain in these internal wars further
destabilized France. Queen Catherine de Medicis, acting as regent for her
minor sons, Francis and Charles, temporized with the various factions and
married her daughter to King Felipe (Philip) II of Spain, but she was also
influenced by Gaspard de Coligny, seigneur of Châtillon, a Protestant noble
and admiral of France.
Despite internal troubles, France continued its Atlantic policy. When
the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) ended the last war with Spain, the
parties had not agreed upon the vital issue of the right of nations to settle
in the Americas, leaving the matter in an ambiguous state. While Spain
insisted that the papal donations gave her exclusive rights to North Amer-
ica, the French maintained that unsettled areas were free for anyone to sail
to and colonize. Thus, beginning in 1562, with the support of the French
Crown, Coligny dispatched three royal expeditions to what France cal ed
Nouvelle France (New France), on the southeast coast of what is now the
United States. Like Coligny himself, many of the leaders and mariners on
those voyages were Calvinist Protestants from the ports of Normandy and
Brittany.
· 55 ·
56 · Eugene Lyon
An able captain, Jean Ribaut, commanded the first expedition, which
made landfall near the present site of St. Augustine in the spring of 1562 and
erected a marble column bearing the French arms near the mouth of the St.
Johns, which he called the River May. Proceeding northward, he discovered
Port Royal harbor and planted a colony there, guarded by a fortification
cal ed Charlesfort. But when he returned to Europe, Ribaut was arrested
and detained in England; that and continuing disturbances in France pre-
vented the sending of reinforcements to Port Royal until April 1564. That
year proved to be one of heavy European traffic to and from Florida.
The Spaniards had learned belatedly of Ribaut’s settlement the year be-
fore, and Philip II licensed Lucas Vázquez de
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