flight of birds that appeared on the right side was taken as a good omen, but one that appeared on the left was a portent of serious trouble ahead.
dexter, dexteri = on the right; skillful; favorable
sinister, sinistri = on the left; awkward; unfavorable
Hadrian's villa at Tivoli, Italy. The Roman emperor Hadrian ruled 117–138 CE.
United We Stand …
The seal of the Roman government that appeared on all public documents and that was inscribed on coins, monuments, and the standards of the Roman army was the acronym SPQR, which stood for “Senatus Populusque Romanus.” The twentieth-century fascist dictator of Italy, Benito Mussolini, whose stated aim was to restore Rome to its former imperial greatness, ordered that SPQR be made visible everywhere in Rome. The result was that if you visit the city now, you will find this acronym engraved on manhole covers.
Divided We Fall
The names of the three social classes of Roman society also have become part of our political vocabulary. Originally, these divisions seem to have been determined by birth; but in later times, membership in a particular class was often based on wealth.
Latin Word
English Meaning
patricius, patricii
patrician, a member of the Roman nobility
cf. pater, patris
father
optimas, optimates (pl.)
the best, or most noble; those of high social standing
eques, equites
horseman, knight
cf. equus, equi
horse
plebs, plebis
the common people. The history of the Republic was marked by the struggle of the plebs for political and economic rights.
servus, servi
slave
We, the People
The proletariat consists of those who labor for wages, making their contribution to the state not through the ownership of property, but by the production of children for the labor force.
proles, prolis = offspring
Theories of Social and Economic Organization with Classical Roots
All of the following terms that describe modern social and economic systems were coined or developed their present meanings in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. What is the meaning of the suffix -ism in each of the following terms?
English Word
Latin Root
English Meaning
capitalism
caput, capitis
head
communism
communis, communis
common
socialism
socius, socii
ally,companion
fascism
fascis, fascis
stick
The fasces (plural) was a bundle of sticks, bound together, that was carried in front of the chief Roman magistrates, as a symbol both of their power and of the unity of the Roman people.
THE LAW
One of the greatest and most lasting contributions of ancient Roman civilization to the development of European thought is the vast body of laws and institutions that form the basis of much of modern jurisprudence. This influence can be seen not only in the structure of many European law codes, but also in the very language of the modern legal system.
Latin Word
English Meaning
codex, codicis
book
crimen, criminis
accusation; the act of which one is accused
judex, judicis
judge
jus, juris
right, law, justice
lex, legis
law
Latin Legal Terminology Used in Modern Law 1
Latin Phrase
Latin Meaning
Modern Judicial Usage
alias
at another time
an assumed name
alibi
elsewhere, in another place
a defense by which the person accused, in order to prove that he could not have committed the crime with which he is charged, offers evidence to show that he was in another place at the time
bona fide
in good faith
without deceit or fraud
caveat emptor
let the buyer beware
the purchaser assumes the risk that goods might be defective or unsuitable to his or her needs
de facto
by fact
a state of affairs that exists actually and must be accepted for all practical purposes, but which is illegal or illegitimate.
de jure
by law
legitimate, lawful
habeas corpus
have the body
a court order that commands an individual or government official to produce the prisoner at a designated time and place so that the court can determine the legality of custody.
nolo contendere
I do not wish to contest
a plea that
dexter, dexteri = on the right; skillful; favorable
sinister, sinistri = on the left; awkward; unfavorable
Hadrian's villa at Tivoli, Italy. The Roman emperor Hadrian ruled 117–138 CE.
United We Stand …
The seal of the Roman government that appeared on all public documents and that was inscribed on coins, monuments, and the standards of the Roman army was the acronym SPQR, which stood for “Senatus Populusque Romanus.” The twentieth-century fascist dictator of Italy, Benito Mussolini, whose stated aim was to restore Rome to its former imperial greatness, ordered that SPQR be made visible everywhere in Rome. The result was that if you visit the city now, you will find this acronym engraved on manhole covers.
Divided We Fall
The names of the three social classes of Roman society also have become part of our political vocabulary. Originally, these divisions seem to have been determined by birth; but in later times, membership in a particular class was often based on wealth.
Latin Word
English Meaning
patricius, patricii
patrician, a member of the Roman nobility
cf. pater, patris
father
optimas, optimates (pl.)
the best, or most noble; those of high social standing
eques, equites
horseman, knight
cf. equus, equi
horse
plebs, plebis
the common people. The history of the Republic was marked by the struggle of the plebs for political and economic rights.
servus, servi
slave
We, the People
The proletariat consists of those who labor for wages, making their contribution to the state not through the ownership of property, but by the production of children for the labor force.
proles, prolis = offspring
Theories of Social and Economic Organization with Classical Roots
All of the following terms that describe modern social and economic systems were coined or developed their present meanings in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. What is the meaning of the suffix -ism in each of the following terms?
English Word
Latin Root
English Meaning
capitalism
caput, capitis
head
communism
communis, communis
common
socialism
socius, socii
ally,companion
fascism
fascis, fascis
stick
The fasces (plural) was a bundle of sticks, bound together, that was carried in front of the chief Roman magistrates, as a symbol both of their power and of the unity of the Roman people.
THE LAW
One of the greatest and most lasting contributions of ancient Roman civilization to the development of European thought is the vast body of laws and institutions that form the basis of much of modern jurisprudence. This influence can be seen not only in the structure of many European law codes, but also in the very language of the modern legal system.
Latin Word
English Meaning
codex, codicis
book
crimen, criminis
accusation; the act of which one is accused
judex, judicis
judge
jus, juris
right, law, justice
lex, legis
law
Latin Legal Terminology Used in Modern Law 1
Latin Phrase
Latin Meaning
Modern Judicial Usage
alias
at another time
an assumed name
alibi
elsewhere, in another place
a defense by which the person accused, in order to prove that he could not have committed the crime with which he is charged, offers evidence to show that he was in another place at the time
bona fide
in good faith
without deceit or fraud
caveat emptor
let the buyer beware
the purchaser assumes the risk that goods might be defective or unsuitable to his or her needs
de facto
by fact
a state of affairs that exists actually and must be accepted for all practical purposes, but which is illegal or illegitimate.
de jure
by law
legitimate, lawful
habeas corpus
have the body
a court order that commands an individual or government official to produce the prisoner at a designated time and place so that the court can determine the legality of custody.
nolo contendere
I do not wish to contest
a plea that
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