in the Bible” (see p. 7)].
Grzimek, F. “Die Riesenschlangen,” in Grzimeks Tierleben . Zürich, 1971; vol. 6, p. 371.
Gubernatis, A. de. Zoological Mythology: The Legends of Animals , 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1872 [reprinted by Singing Tree Press, 1968]; see esp. pp. 388–420: “The Serpent and the Aquatic Monster.”
Guiley, R. E. Harper’s Encyclopedia of Mystical and Paranormal Experience . San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991.
Gunkel, H. The Stories of Genesis: A Translation of the Third Edition of the Introduction to Hermann Gunkel’s Commentary on the Book of Genesis , ed. W. R. Scott, trans. J. J. Scullion. Vallejo, Calif.: BIBAL, 1994.
Güterbock, H. G. “Le mot hittite hartaggas ‘serpent’,” Revue Hittite et Asianique 6 (1941) 102–09. [The meaning of hartaggas has not been clear. Now, in light of its appearance on a tablet found at Bogazköy in 1933, the noun probably denotes a snake.]
Hall, H. R. The Ancient History of the Near East . London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1913; see esp. p. 485. [Hall also suggested that Moses’ staff was also the upraised copper serpent.]
Halliday, W. R. Greek Divination: A Study of Its Methods and Principles . London: Macmillan, 1913; see esp. pp. 82–91.
Hallo, W. W., and J. J. van Dijk. The Exaltation of Inanna . New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1968.
Hambly, W. D. Serpent Worship in Africa . Field Museum of Natural History Anthropological Series, Vol. XXI, no. 1. Chicago: Field Museum Press, 1931; note esp. pp. 56–67: “The Question of an External Origin of African Serpent Beliefs.”
Hamilton, M. Incubation or the Cure of Disease in Pagan Temples and Christian Churches . London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1906; see esp. pp. 1–79 [on the cult of Asclepius].
Hammond, P. C. “The Snake Monument at Petra,” American Journal of Arabic Studies 1 (1973) 1–29.
Hampton-Cook, E. “The Serpent in Eden (Gen. iii),” Expository Times 18 (19061907) 287.
Hanauer, J. E. Folklore of the Holy Land: Moslem, Christian, and Jewish . London: Sheldon Press, 1907, 1935; see esp. pp. 211–13, 268.
Handy, L. K. “Serpent (Religious Symbol),” The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary . New York: Doubleday, 1992; rpt. New Haven; vol. 5, pp. 1113–16.
Hankey, V. “A Snake Vase in Stone from a Late Bronze Age Temple at Amman,” Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts, Archaeologischer Anzeiger 82 (1967) 298–302. [The vase may have originated in Mesopotamia.]
______. “Imported Vessels of the Late Bronze Age at High Places,” Temples and High Places in Biblical Times , ed. A. Biran. Jerusalem: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology of Hebrew Union College—Jewish Institute of Religion, 1981; pp. 108–17.
Hanson, R. S. The Serpent Was Wiser: A New Look at Genesis 1–11 . Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1972.
Haran, M. “The Ark and the Cherubim: Their Symbolic Significance in Biblical Ritual,” Israel Exploration Journal 9 (1959) 30–38, 89–94.
Harl, K. W. Coinage in the Roman Economy: 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 . Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Harnack, A. The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries , trans. J. Moffat. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1962 [originally published in London: Williams and Norgate, 1908].
Hartlaub, G. F. “Mythos und Magie der Schlange,” Atlantis 12 (1940) 570.
Haspecker, J., and N. Lohfink, “Gn 3,15: ‘Weil du ihm Nach der Ferse Schnappst,’ “ Scholastik 36 (1961) 357–72.
Hastings, J., ed. “Serpent-worship,” Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics . Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark and New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920, 1962; vol. 11, pp. 399–423.
Hauenstein, A. “Le serpent dans les rites, cultes et coutumes de certaines ethnies de Cotes d’Ivoire,” Anthropos 73 (1978) 525–60.
Haupt, P. “The Curse on the Serpent,” Journal of Biblical Literature 35 (1916) 155–62.
Hausenstein, W. Das Bild Atlanten zur Kunst . Munich: Piper, 1922; vol.
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