Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris by Ian Kershaw

(Tyrell,
Trommler,
27–8, 196–7, nn.100–101).
    66 .
MK
, 390 (trans.,
MK
Watt, 323).
    67 . Oskar Maria Graf,
Gelächter von außen. Aus meinem Leben 1918–1933,
Munich, 1966, 114–15.
    68 . Frank, 38–42.
    69 . Tyrell,
Trommler,
33; Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 284, has slightly different figures.
    70 .
MK
, 561.
    71 . Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 279–80; Tyrell,
Trommler,
33.
    72 . Examples are given in
JK,
126, 205–13, 271–6. Ulrich Graf, Hitler’s bodyguard, was entrusted with the task of ensuring that the notes were correctly placed before the beginning of a speech. He confirmed that Hitler mainly improvised from them, claiming that he often scarcely glanced at them (IfZ, ΖS F14, 4). Graf’s account, written in August 1934, was, of course, attempting to highlight the extraordinary talent of the Führer at every opportunity. Comparison of the notes and the reports on the content of his speeches suggests that Hitler used his jottings more than Graf implies. Later, as Reich Chancellor, with the world’s diplomats and press interpreting every word of what he said, the speeches had to be fully written out and carefully edited.
    73 . Meetings lasted generally between two and a half and three and three-quarter hours (Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 275). Hitler mentioned in
Mein Kampf
that his first speech in the Circus Krone, on 3 February 1921, lasted about two and a half hours (
MK
, 561).
    74 .
MK
, 565.
    75 . The term ‘November criminals’ was, in fact, used by Hitler for the first time – to storms of applause that lasted for minutes – as late as September 1922 (
JK,
692), and regularly (and unceasingly) only from December that year.
    76 . Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 283–4.
    77 .
JK,
126–7.
    78 . Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 286.
    79 . E.g.,
JK,
179, 204, 281–2, 302, 312.
    80 . Carr,
Hitler,
5.
    81 . In the
JK
collection of Hitler’s speeches before the Putsch the word
‘Lebensraum’
does not appear once. See also Karl Lange, ‘Der Terminus ‘Lebensraum’ in Hitlers Mein Kampf,
VfΖ,
13 (1965), 4263–37, for further insight into the development of the word ‘
Lebensraum’.
    82 .
JK,
213.
    83 . Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 278, 288;
JK,
126–7.
    84 . On other occasions he spoke more generally about ‘nationally minded leadership personalities’ or a ‘government of power and authority’, seeming to imply a collective rather than individual leadership. See Tyrell,
Trommler,
60; Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 299, 319, 321.
    85 .
JK,
126–7(27 April 1920), 140 (beginning of June 1920), 163 (21 July 1920).
    86 . Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 288. For Hitler’s sources, see Reginald H. Phelps, ‘Hitlers “grundlegende” Rede über den Antisemitismus’,
VfZ,
16 (1968), 390–420, here 395–9.
    87 . See Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 284.
    88 .
JK,
200.
    89 .
JK,
119–20.
    90 .
JK,
119, 128, 184.
    91 .
JK,
348.
    92 .
JK,
115, 148, 215, 296.
    93 .
JK,
201.
    94 .
JK,
119.
    95 . One hostile commentator on a Hitler speech in late June 1920 even reported that he made ‘demand upon demand for the murder of the Jews’ (
‘Aufforderung um Aufforderung zur Ermordung der Juden’), Der Kampf,
28 June 1920
(JK,
152). An explicit call to murder can be found, however, in no other speech. It is fair to presume that it reflects the interpretation of the reporter rather than the precise word used by Hitler.
    96 . Cited in Alexander Bein, ‘Der moderne Antisemitismus and seine Bedeutung für die Judenfrage’,
VfZ,
6 (1958), 340–60, here 359. See also Alexander Bein, ‘“Der jüdische Parasit”. Bemerkungen zur Semantik der Judenfrage’,
VfZ,
13 (1965), 121–49.
    97 .
JK,
176–7.
    98 . Phelps, ‘Hitler als Parteiredner’, 286; and see, e.g.,
JK,
201.
    99 . See Phelps, ‘Hitlers “grundlegende” Rede’, 393–5, for the structure of his speech on ntisemitism on 13 August 1920, and for audience