anti-Semitism and Zionism (see pp. 178–82).
Victor Gollancz (1893–1967), Orwell’s first publisher. After Oxford he taught at Repton for two years where his introduction of a class on civics brought him into conflict with the headmaster, Dr Geoffrey Fisher, who would later become Archbishop of Canterbury. He was sacked in 1918, worked on minimum-wage legislation, and after working for OUP joined Benn Brothers, publishers of trade journals. His success there led to his establishing his own publishing house in 1927. In his first year he published sixty-four books. Although a member of the Labour Party and born into an orthodox Jewish family he would later describe himself as a Christian socialist. His major achievement was the formation of the Left Book Club, which brought out The Road to Wigan Pier . He was well-known for offering modest advances to authors ensuring the likelihood that there would be more to follow after publication.
Geoffrey Gorer (1905–85), social anthropologist and author of many books including Africa Dances (1935), The American People (1964), and Death Grief and Mourning in Contemporary Britain (1965). He wrote to Orwell about Burmese Days , ‘it seems to me you have done a necessary and important piece of work as well as it could be done’. They met and remained lifelong friends.
A.S.F. Gow (1886–1978), Orwell’s tutor at Eton. He was later appointed to a fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge. He and Orwell corresponded occasionally. His name was inverted to ‘Wog’ at Eton and Orwell wrote a doggerel verse when there starting, ‘Then up waddled Wog and he squeaked in Greek: / “I’ve grown another hair on my cheek” ’ (X, p. 52).
Rayner Heppenstall (1911–81), novelist, critic and crime historian. He shared a flat with Orwell in 1935 but the arrangement was not an unqualified success; they even came to blows. Nevertheless they remained friends and Heppenstall produced some of Orwell’s work for the BBC, notably his script for The Voyage of the Beagle and a radio adaptation of Animal Farm . Orwell is one of those featured in his Four Absentees (1960), extracts from which are reproduced in Orwell Remembered .
Inez Holden (1906–74), novelist, short-story writer, journalist and broadcaster, was a cousin of Celia Kirwan, twin sister of Arthur Koestler’s wife, Mamaine. She proved a good friend to the Orwells lending them her flat in Portman Square after they had been bombed out. She and Orwell considered publishing their war diaries as a joint venture. The project fell through because she wanted to change anything Orwell wrote with which she disagreed. Her diary was published as It Was Different at the Time (1943).
Lydia Jackson née Jiburtovich (1899–1983), psychologist, writer and translator (using the pen-name Elisaveta Fen). She was born in Russia and came to England in 1925. She met Eileen at University College London in 1935 and they remained friends. She stayed at the Orwell’s Wallington cottage when they were not there and visited Orwell at Barnhill and Hairmyres Hospital. She translated Chekhov’s plays for Penguin, 1951–54. Her A Russian’s England , 1976, gives good accounts of Eileen, Wallington, and Eileen and Orwell’s relationship.
Eleanor Jaques (?–1962) arrived in Southwold from Canada in 1921 shortly before the Blair family. They were for a time the Blairs’ next-door-neighbours in Stradbroke Road. Eleanor and Orwell became friends. She is first mentioned in Orwell’s letter to Dennis Collings of 12 October 1931 saying she might be allowed to read Orwell’s ‘narrative of my adventures’ when hop-picking.
Revd Iorwerth Jones , Minister of Pan-teg Congregational Church, Ystalyfera, Swansea. He wrote to Malcolm Muggeridge on 4 May 1955 enclosing Orwell’s letter of 8 April, 1941. He had written to Orwell to ‘raise queries about his comments on pacificism’. The minister thought this letter might be helpful to Muggeridge in writing
Victor Gollancz (1893–1967), Orwell’s first publisher. After Oxford he taught at Repton for two years where his introduction of a class on civics brought him into conflict with the headmaster, Dr Geoffrey Fisher, who would later become Archbishop of Canterbury. He was sacked in 1918, worked on minimum-wage legislation, and after working for OUP joined Benn Brothers, publishers of trade journals. His success there led to his establishing his own publishing house in 1927. In his first year he published sixty-four books. Although a member of the Labour Party and born into an orthodox Jewish family he would later describe himself as a Christian socialist. His major achievement was the formation of the Left Book Club, which brought out The Road to Wigan Pier . He was well-known for offering modest advances to authors ensuring the likelihood that there would be more to follow after publication.
Geoffrey Gorer (1905–85), social anthropologist and author of many books including Africa Dances (1935), The American People (1964), and Death Grief and Mourning in Contemporary Britain (1965). He wrote to Orwell about Burmese Days , ‘it seems to me you have done a necessary and important piece of work as well as it could be done’. They met and remained lifelong friends.
A.S.F. Gow (1886–1978), Orwell’s tutor at Eton. He was later appointed to a fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge. He and Orwell corresponded occasionally. His name was inverted to ‘Wog’ at Eton and Orwell wrote a doggerel verse when there starting, ‘Then up waddled Wog and he squeaked in Greek: / “I’ve grown another hair on my cheek” ’ (X, p. 52).
Rayner Heppenstall (1911–81), novelist, critic and crime historian. He shared a flat with Orwell in 1935 but the arrangement was not an unqualified success; they even came to blows. Nevertheless they remained friends and Heppenstall produced some of Orwell’s work for the BBC, notably his script for The Voyage of the Beagle and a radio adaptation of Animal Farm . Orwell is one of those featured in his Four Absentees (1960), extracts from which are reproduced in Orwell Remembered .
Inez Holden (1906–74), novelist, short-story writer, journalist and broadcaster, was a cousin of Celia Kirwan, twin sister of Arthur Koestler’s wife, Mamaine. She proved a good friend to the Orwells lending them her flat in Portman Square after they had been bombed out. She and Orwell considered publishing their war diaries as a joint venture. The project fell through because she wanted to change anything Orwell wrote with which she disagreed. Her diary was published as It Was Different at the Time (1943).
Lydia Jackson née Jiburtovich (1899–1983), psychologist, writer and translator (using the pen-name Elisaveta Fen). She was born in Russia and came to England in 1925. She met Eileen at University College London in 1935 and they remained friends. She stayed at the Orwell’s Wallington cottage when they were not there and visited Orwell at Barnhill and Hairmyres Hospital. She translated Chekhov’s plays for Penguin, 1951–54. Her A Russian’s England , 1976, gives good accounts of Eileen, Wallington, and Eileen and Orwell’s relationship.
Eleanor Jaques (?–1962) arrived in Southwold from Canada in 1921 shortly before the Blair family. They were for a time the Blairs’ next-door-neighbours in Stradbroke Road. Eleanor and Orwell became friends. She is first mentioned in Orwell’s letter to Dennis Collings of 12 October 1931 saying she might be allowed to read Orwell’s ‘narrative of my adventures’ when hop-picking.
Revd Iorwerth Jones , Minister of Pan-teg Congregational Church, Ystalyfera, Swansea. He wrote to Malcolm Muggeridge on 4 May 1955 enclosing Orwell’s letter of 8 April, 1941. He had written to Orwell to ‘raise queries about his comments on pacificism’. The minister thought this letter might be helpful to Muggeridge in writing
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