CIA.
Guantánamo Bay— Prison in Cuba where al Qaeda prisoners were interrogated by the United States.
Haass, Richard— Director, Policy Planning, State Department.
Haq, Abdul— Pashtun commander killed by the Taliban in October 2001.
Haq, Muhammad Zia ul-— President of Pakistan, 1977-1988.
Haqqani, Jalaluddin— Leader of Taliban front based in Miramshah, Pakistan; his son Sirajuddin Haqqani led his father’s troops against U.S. forces in Afghanistan.
Harkat ul-Ansar— Pakistani extremist group fighting in Kashmir and allied to al Qaeda.
Harkat ul-Mujahedin— Movement of Holy Warriors, extremist group based in Pakistan fighting in Kashmir, Afghanistan, and Central Asia.
Hikmetyar, Gulbuddin— Leader of the Hizb-e-Islami Party, allied to the Taliban.
Hizb-e-Islami— Afghan party allied to the Taliban and led by Gulbuddin Hikmetyar.
Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT)— Islamic party very active in Central Asia.
Hussain, Altaf— Leader of the Muttahida Quami Movement of the Urdu-speaking Muhajirs, who migrated from India to Pakistan in 1947.
Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI)— Pakistan’s military intelligence service.
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)— Islamic radicals in Central Asia who provided support to the Taliban and al Qaeda.
Jaish-e-Mohammed— Army of Mohammed, militant group that introduced suicide bombing in Kashmir; formed in 2000 by the ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar.
Jalali, Ali Ahmad— Minister of interior in Karzai’s cabinet, 2003-2005.
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam— Main Islamic party in the Pashtun areas of Pakistan and key supporter of the Taliban; after the 2002 elections formed the government in the NWFP and Balochistan.
Jehangir, Asma— Head of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.
Jundullah— Army of God, terrorist group trained by al Qaeda and active in Karachi.
Kabulov, Zamir— Senior Russian diplomat representing Russia at major conferences on Afghanistan; later Russian ambassador to Kabul.
Kamal, Babrak— Installed as president of Afghanistan by the invading Soviet army in December 1979; belonging to the Parcham Party.
Kargil— Mountainous region of Indian Kashmir, briefly captured by Pakistani forces in 1999.
Karimov, Islam— President of Uzbekistan, 1991- .
Karshi-Khanabad, or K2— U.S. base in Uzbekistan; used until 2006.
Karzai, Abdul Ahad— Father of Hamid Karzai; murdered by the Taliban, 1999.
Karzai, Ahmed Wali— Younger brother of Hamid Karzai.
Karzai, Hamid— President of Afghanistan, 2001- .
Kayani, Ashfaq— Former head of the ISI, he was appointed as the new chief of staff of the Pakistan army in November 2007.
Kazemi, Syed Mustafa— Afghanistan’s commerce minister, killed by a suicide bomb attack in 2007.
Kellenberger, Jakob— President of the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Khalili, Karim— A leader of the Hazara resistance to the Taliban and later vice president under President Karzai.
Khalilzad, Zalmay— U.S. chief of mission to the United Nations; former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan and Iraq.
Khalq— The Masses, one of the communist parties of Afghanistan.
Khan, Ismael— Anti-Taliban leader in western Afghanistan.
Khan, Jan Mohammed— Governor of Uruzgan province, former Taliban.
Khan, Mohammed Ayub— Military ruler of Pakistan, 1958-1969.
Khan, Yahya— Military ruler of Pakistan, 1969-1971.
Khatami, Mohammed— President of Iran, 1997-2005.
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi— The Army of Jhangvi, a militant Sunni group opposed to all Shias.
Loya Jirga (LJ)— Traditional meeting of Afghan tribal chiefs and elders.
McColl, Sir John— General and British commander of ISAF troops in Kabul in 2002.
McNeill, Dan— Lieutenant-general and commander of the U.S.-led Coalition forces in Afghanistan in 2002; reappointed to head NATO forces in Afghanistan in February 2007.
Manas— Air base used by NATO alliance in Kyrgyzstan, close to the capital,
Guantánamo Bay— Prison in Cuba where al Qaeda prisoners were interrogated by the United States.
Haass, Richard— Director, Policy Planning, State Department.
Haq, Abdul— Pashtun commander killed by the Taliban in October 2001.
Haq, Muhammad Zia ul-— President of Pakistan, 1977-1988.
Haqqani, Jalaluddin— Leader of Taliban front based in Miramshah, Pakistan; his son Sirajuddin Haqqani led his father’s troops against U.S. forces in Afghanistan.
Harkat ul-Ansar— Pakistani extremist group fighting in Kashmir and allied to al Qaeda.
Harkat ul-Mujahedin— Movement of Holy Warriors, extremist group based in Pakistan fighting in Kashmir, Afghanistan, and Central Asia.
Hikmetyar, Gulbuddin— Leader of the Hizb-e-Islami Party, allied to the Taliban.
Hizb-e-Islami— Afghan party allied to the Taliban and led by Gulbuddin Hikmetyar.
Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT)— Islamic party very active in Central Asia.
Hussain, Altaf— Leader of the Muttahida Quami Movement of the Urdu-speaking Muhajirs, who migrated from India to Pakistan in 1947.
Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI)— Pakistan’s military intelligence service.
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)— Islamic radicals in Central Asia who provided support to the Taliban and al Qaeda.
Jaish-e-Mohammed— Army of Mohammed, militant group that introduced suicide bombing in Kashmir; formed in 2000 by the ISI and Maulana Masud Azhar in the aftermath of the hijacking of an Air India plane to Kandahar.
Jalali, Ali Ahmad— Minister of interior in Karzai’s cabinet, 2003-2005.
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam— Main Islamic party in the Pashtun areas of Pakistan and key supporter of the Taliban; after the 2002 elections formed the government in the NWFP and Balochistan.
Jehangir, Asma— Head of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.
Jundullah— Army of God, terrorist group trained by al Qaeda and active in Karachi.
Kabulov, Zamir— Senior Russian diplomat representing Russia at major conferences on Afghanistan; later Russian ambassador to Kabul.
Kamal, Babrak— Installed as president of Afghanistan by the invading Soviet army in December 1979; belonging to the Parcham Party.
Kargil— Mountainous region of Indian Kashmir, briefly captured by Pakistani forces in 1999.
Karimov, Islam— President of Uzbekistan, 1991- .
Karshi-Khanabad, or K2— U.S. base in Uzbekistan; used until 2006.
Karzai, Abdul Ahad— Father of Hamid Karzai; murdered by the Taliban, 1999.
Karzai, Ahmed Wali— Younger brother of Hamid Karzai.
Karzai, Hamid— President of Afghanistan, 2001- .
Kayani, Ashfaq— Former head of the ISI, he was appointed as the new chief of staff of the Pakistan army in November 2007.
Kazemi, Syed Mustafa— Afghanistan’s commerce minister, killed by a suicide bomb attack in 2007.
Kellenberger, Jakob— President of the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Khalili, Karim— A leader of the Hazara resistance to the Taliban and later vice president under President Karzai.
Khalilzad, Zalmay— U.S. chief of mission to the United Nations; former U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan and Iraq.
Khalq— The Masses, one of the communist parties of Afghanistan.
Khan, Ismael— Anti-Taliban leader in western Afghanistan.
Khan, Jan Mohammed— Governor of Uruzgan province, former Taliban.
Khan, Mohammed Ayub— Military ruler of Pakistan, 1958-1969.
Khan, Yahya— Military ruler of Pakistan, 1969-1971.
Khatami, Mohammed— President of Iran, 1997-2005.
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi— The Army of Jhangvi, a militant Sunni group opposed to all Shias.
Loya Jirga (LJ)— Traditional meeting of Afghan tribal chiefs and elders.
McColl, Sir John— General and British commander of ISAF troops in Kabul in 2002.
McNeill, Dan— Lieutenant-general and commander of the U.S.-led Coalition forces in Afghanistan in 2002; reappointed to head NATO forces in Afghanistan in February 2007.
Manas— Air base used by NATO alliance in Kyrgyzstan, close to the capital,
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