47–48
Friston, Karl, 152
Galinsky, Adam, 11–12
Garner, Helen, 10
Gates, Bill, 45
Geena Davis Institute, 223
gender deviance neutralisation, 82–83
gender identity, children’s assimilation of,
see
children, assimilation of gender identity by
gender inequalities:
as biologically determined,
see
brain, gender differences as hardwired in
in education,
see
education, gender inequalities in
essentialist theory as justification for, 185–86
in homelife,
see
homelife
horizontal segregation and, 91, 93
as perpetuated by sociocultural environment, xxvi–xxvii, xxviii–xxix, 235–37
in science and maths ability, 27, 29, 90–91, 95, 110, 129–30, 179–84, 190, 250, 277–78
vertical segregation and, 91, 92
in workplace,
see
workplace, women in
see also
female brain; male brain; neurosexism; sexual discrimination
gender salience:
in children,
see
children, assimilation of gender identity in
empathy and, 20–26, 248–49
as motivating factor, 20–21, 22, 29
as primed by environment, xxvi, 7, 8–10, 18, 22, 24–25, 28, 227, 232, 235–36, 238–39, 283
stereotype threat and, xxvi, 44, 236
gender stereotypes:
in advertising, 43
agentic traits in, 4, 58, 61
anger in, 58–59
brain size and, xxiv, 132, 141
career decisions and, 48–49
in children,
see
children, assimilation of gender identity by
in children’s books and media, 214–15, 218–23, 285
communal traits in, 3
as descriptive, 56
entrepreneurship and, 43–44
Greater Male Variability hypothesis and, 178–80, 185, 280
as implicit associations, 4–7, 35–36, 39, 83–84, 194, 199, 201, 235, 238
job applicants and, 55–58, 59–92
in language, 211
in 19th and early 20th centuries, 58, 67, 68, 75–76, 131–32, 141–42, 166, 178–79, 233–34
parenting and, 79, 84–85, 87, 189–96, 198–99, 202–4
as prescriptive, 56, 57–58
as reinforced by gender priming, 9–10, 18
as reinforced by rewards, 91–93
self-assessment as affected by, 48–50
and sense of not belonging, 40–53
in 17th and 18th centuries, xviii, xix–xx, xxiii, xxiv, 26
sociocultural environment and, 6–7, 28, 29, 39, 84–85, 95–96, 235–37
as statements about status, 38
ubiquity of, 8–9, 25
verbal abilities in, 34
see also
female brain; male brain; sexual discrimination; stereotype threat
gene expression, 176–77, 236
Gene Worship
(Kaplan and Rogers), 236
genital virilisation, 120
Germain, Sophie, 54
Geschwind, Norman, 105–6, 135–36
Gharibyan, Hasmik, 94
Giedd, Jay, 143–44
Gilligan, Carol, 24
Girls’ School Association, 165
Gisborne, Thomas, xviii, xix, xxiii, 26
Gladwell, Malcolm, 34–35
glass cliff, 64
glass escalator, 64–65
Glick, Peter, 67, 224
Gold, Ian, 144
golf courses, out-of-office socialising on, 70
gonads, foetal development of, 100–101
Gong, Sherry, 182
Good, Catherine, 30, 48
Gorman, Elizabeth, 65
Gorski, Roger, 104
Gould, Stephen J., 235
Grace, Ariel, 46
Gray, John, 81, 140, 155–56
Greater Male Variability hypothesis, 178–80, 185, 280
Greenwald, Anthony, 4
grocery industry, sexual discrimination in, 68
Grossi, Giordana, xxvii, 113–16, 178, 180
group membership salience, 24–25, 28, 29, 227–29
Guiso, Luigi, 181
Gur, Raquel, 139, 144, 146
Gur, Ruben, 139, 144, 145–46
Gurian, Gail, xvi–xvii
Gurian, Michael, xvi–xvii, 81–82, 139–40, 156–57, 165, 170
Gurian Institute, xvii, 107, 111–12, 139
Hall, Judith, 159
Hansen, Jeffrey, 4
Harvard Law School, 40–41
Haslanger, Sally, 40
Hausmann, Markus, 28
Having It All
(Deutsch), 85
Heilman, Madeline, 56, 63
Heine, Steven, 173
Heppen, Jessica, 83–84
Hess, Beth B., 99
Hines, Melissa, 40, 102–3, 123–24, 128–29, 134
Hinze, Susan, 73–75
Hochschild, Arlie, 80
Hodges, Sara, 21
Hollingworth, Leta Stetter, 180
Holmes, Janet, 63–64
homelife, 78–89
division of chores in, 80–83, 87, 89, 92–93
gender deviance neutralisation and, 82–83, 92
husband/breadwinner stereotype in, 78–79,
Friston, Karl, 152
Galinsky, Adam, 11–12
Garner, Helen, 10
Gates, Bill, 45
Geena Davis Institute, 223
gender deviance neutralisation, 82–83
gender identity, children’s assimilation of,
see
children, assimilation of gender identity by
gender inequalities:
as biologically determined,
see
brain, gender differences as hardwired in
in education,
see
education, gender inequalities in
essentialist theory as justification for, 185–86
in homelife,
see
homelife
horizontal segregation and, 91, 93
as perpetuated by sociocultural environment, xxvi–xxvii, xxviii–xxix, 235–37
in science and maths ability, 27, 29, 90–91, 95, 110, 129–30, 179–84, 190, 250, 277–78
vertical segregation and, 91, 92
in workplace,
see
workplace, women in
see also
female brain; male brain; neurosexism; sexual discrimination
gender salience:
in children,
see
children, assimilation of gender identity in
empathy and, 20–26, 248–49
as motivating factor, 20–21, 22, 29
as primed by environment, xxvi, 7, 8–10, 18, 22, 24–25, 28, 227, 232, 235–36, 238–39, 283
stereotype threat and, xxvi, 44, 236
gender stereotypes:
in advertising, 43
agentic traits in, 4, 58, 61
anger in, 58–59
brain size and, xxiv, 132, 141
career decisions and, 48–49
in children,
see
children, assimilation of gender identity by
in children’s books and media, 214–15, 218–23, 285
communal traits in, 3
as descriptive, 56
entrepreneurship and, 43–44
Greater Male Variability hypothesis and, 178–80, 185, 280
as implicit associations, 4–7, 35–36, 39, 83–84, 194, 199, 201, 235, 238
job applicants and, 55–58, 59–92
in language, 211
in 19th and early 20th centuries, 58, 67, 68, 75–76, 131–32, 141–42, 166, 178–79, 233–34
parenting and, 79, 84–85, 87, 189–96, 198–99, 202–4
as prescriptive, 56, 57–58
as reinforced by gender priming, 9–10, 18
as reinforced by rewards, 91–93
self-assessment as affected by, 48–50
and sense of not belonging, 40–53
in 17th and 18th centuries, xviii, xix–xx, xxiii, xxiv, 26
sociocultural environment and, 6–7, 28, 29, 39, 84–85, 95–96, 235–37
as statements about status, 38
ubiquity of, 8–9, 25
verbal abilities in, 34
see also
female brain; male brain; sexual discrimination; stereotype threat
gene expression, 176–77, 236
Gene Worship
(Kaplan and Rogers), 236
genital virilisation, 120
Germain, Sophie, 54
Geschwind, Norman, 105–6, 135–36
Gharibyan, Hasmik, 94
Giedd, Jay, 143–44
Gilligan, Carol, 24
Girls’ School Association, 165
Gisborne, Thomas, xviii, xix, xxiii, 26
Gladwell, Malcolm, 34–35
glass cliff, 64
glass escalator, 64–65
Glick, Peter, 67, 224
Gold, Ian, 144
golf courses, out-of-office socialising on, 70
gonads, foetal development of, 100–101
Gong, Sherry, 182
Good, Catherine, 30, 48
Gorman, Elizabeth, 65
Gorski, Roger, 104
Gould, Stephen J., 235
Grace, Ariel, 46
Gray, John, 81, 140, 155–56
Greater Male Variability hypothesis, 178–80, 185, 280
Greenwald, Anthony, 4
grocery industry, sexual discrimination in, 68
Grossi, Giordana, xxvii, 113–16, 178, 180
group membership salience, 24–25, 28, 29, 227–29
Guiso, Luigi, 181
Gur, Raquel, 139, 144, 146
Gur, Ruben, 139, 144, 145–46
Gurian, Gail, xvi–xvii
Gurian, Michael, xvi–xvii, 81–82, 139–40, 156–57, 165, 170
Gurian Institute, xvii, 107, 111–12, 139
Hall, Judith, 159
Hansen, Jeffrey, 4
Harvard Law School, 40–41
Haslanger, Sally, 40
Hausmann, Markus, 28
Having It All
(Deutsch), 85
Heilman, Madeline, 56, 63
Heine, Steven, 173
Heppen, Jessica, 83–84
Hess, Beth B., 99
Hines, Melissa, 40, 102–3, 123–24, 128–29, 134
Hinze, Susan, 73–75
Hochschild, Arlie, 80
Hodges, Sara, 21
Hollingworth, Leta Stetter, 180
Holmes, Janet, 63–64
homelife, 78–89
division of chores in, 80–83, 87, 89, 92–93
gender deviance neutralisation and, 82–83, 92
husband/breadwinner stereotype in, 78–79,
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