112–15, 129, 130, 266, 267
contrast sensitivity test, 49–50
Conundrum
(Morris), 3
corpus callosum, 136, 138, 143, 149, 156–57, 271, 272, 274
correlation, causation vs., 145, 273
Correll, Shelley, 4, 48–50, 57, 96, 246–47
Critical Neuroscience project, 281
CV(C) task, 271
Dana, Charles L., 131–32, 154, 234
Dar-Nimrod, Ilan, 173
Dasgupta, Nilanjana, 6
David, Barbara, 217, 224–25
Davies, Bronwyn, 11, 238
Davies, Paul, 43
Davis, Mark, 17
Deary, Ian, 179–80
Demos, John, 88
Deutsch, Francine, 85, 87
De Vries, Geert, 104, 142, 165
dichotic listening, 137, 271
Diekman, Amanda, 221
digit ratio, 108, 263
Disney Princess
, 220
dominance, as male trait, 120
Dora the Explorer, 221–22
Dowd, Maureen, 58
Dux, Monica, 226
Dweck, Carol, 184–85
Eagly, Alice, 22
education, gender inequalities in, xxii–xxiv, 40–41, 132, 168–69
as perpetuated by neurosexism, xxviii, 162–67
single-sex schools and, xvii, 162–65, 168–69
Einstein, Albert, 109
Eisenberg, Nancy, 16
Ellis, Havelock, 146–47
emotion processing, in male vs. female brain, 99, 147–51, 156, 163, 276–77
empathic accuracy test, 19–21, 267
empathy:
affective, 15, 16, 23–25, 261–62
and attention to detail, 265
in CAH girls, 120–21
cognitive, 15, 16, 22, 261
as female trait, xv–xvi, xviii–xix, 13, 18–19, 22–26, 91, 107–9, 112–16, 139, 158–61
foetal testosterone and, 107–9
gender salience and, 20–26, 248–49
Empathy Quotient (EQ), 15–16, 17–18, 108, 248–49, 264
Enquiry into the Duties of the Female Sex, An
(Gisborne), xviii
entrepreneurship, 43–44
environment, sociocultural:
brain as modified by, 176–78
CAH girls and, 122–23
gender inequalities as perpetuated by,
xxvi–xxvii, xxviii–xxix, 235–37
gender salience and, xxvi, 7, 8–10, 18, 22, 24–25, 28, 227, 232, 235–36, 238–39, 283
gender stereotypes and, 6–7, 28, 29, 39, 84–85, 95–96, 235–37
maths ability as influenced by, 182–84
mind as influenced by, xxvi, 52–53, 92, 105
moral reasoning and, 24–25
in primate societies, 126–27
self-assessment as influenced by, 52–53
sense of belonging as cued by, 44–48
Essential Difference, The
(Baron-Cohen), xix, 15
essentialist theory, 185–86, 224
see also
brain, gender differences as hardwired in
Everyday Mind Reading
(Ickes), 17, 20
evolutionary psychology, 176, 250
experimenter expectancy effects, 114–15
facial expression processing, gender differences in, 18, 23, 116, 159, 266–67
Fagot, Beverly, 224
Fara, Patricia, 54
fathers:
in early America, 88
hormonal changes in, 87
Fausto-Sterling, Anne, xxvii–xxviii, 138, 142, 150, 236
Fawcett Society, 71, 72
female brain, xxvii
corpus callosum in, 136, 138, 143, 149, 156–57, 271, 272, 274
emotion processing in, 99, 147–51, 156
empathy as innate characteristic of, xv–xvi, xviii–xix, 13, 18–19, 91, 107–9, 112–16, 139, 158–61
as E-type, 106
face-interest studies and, 112–16, 129
facial expression processing by, 116, 266–67
foetal testosterone and, 99–106, 107–11, 117
gender inequalities as determined by, xvii–xv, xix, xxi–xxii, xxiv, 91, 95
interhemispheric (floodlight) connectivity in, 139, 144
intuition in, 157
lateralisation in, 136–40, 145, 271, 272, 277
as overloaded by work-family conflicts, 86
sensory processing in, 156
splenium in, 136, 138
as taking in more sensory data than male brain, 81–82
verbal abilities as more developed in, 99, 136, 138, 139
see also
gender stereotypes; neurosexism
Female Brain, The
(Brizendine), xv–xvi, 14, 157–62
claims about female brain, 86, 99–100, 158–61, 259
‘fetal fork’, 99–106
foetuses, sexual development of, 100–101
fictitious job applicant studies, 55–57, 59–62
Fielding, Kerin, 70, 118
file-drawer phenomenon, 134
Fiske, Susan, 67
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 134, 270–71
nuisance variables in, 135
forensic science, 118–19
Frieze, Carol,
contrast sensitivity test, 49–50
Conundrum
(Morris), 3
corpus callosum, 136, 138, 143, 149, 156–57, 271, 272, 274
correlation, causation vs., 145, 273
Correll, Shelley, 4, 48–50, 57, 96, 246–47
Critical Neuroscience project, 281
CV(C) task, 271
Dana, Charles L., 131–32, 154, 234
Dar-Nimrod, Ilan, 173
Dasgupta, Nilanjana, 6
David, Barbara, 217, 224–25
Davies, Bronwyn, 11, 238
Davies, Paul, 43
Davis, Mark, 17
Deary, Ian, 179–80
Demos, John, 88
Deutsch, Francine, 85, 87
De Vries, Geert, 104, 142, 165
dichotic listening, 137, 271
Diekman, Amanda, 221
digit ratio, 108, 263
Disney Princess
, 220
dominance, as male trait, 120
Dora the Explorer, 221–22
Dowd, Maureen, 58
Dux, Monica, 226
Dweck, Carol, 184–85
Eagly, Alice, 22
education, gender inequalities in, xxii–xxiv, 40–41, 132, 168–69
as perpetuated by neurosexism, xxviii, 162–67
single-sex schools and, xvii, 162–65, 168–69
Einstein, Albert, 109
Eisenberg, Nancy, 16
Ellis, Havelock, 146–47
emotion processing, in male vs. female brain, 99, 147–51, 156, 163, 276–77
empathic accuracy test, 19–21, 267
empathy:
affective, 15, 16, 23–25, 261–62
and attention to detail, 265
in CAH girls, 120–21
cognitive, 15, 16, 22, 261
as female trait, xv–xvi, xviii–xix, 13, 18–19, 22–26, 91, 107–9, 112–16, 139, 158–61
foetal testosterone and, 107–9
gender salience and, 20–26, 248–49
Empathy Quotient (EQ), 15–16, 17–18, 108, 248–49, 264
Enquiry into the Duties of the Female Sex, An
(Gisborne), xviii
entrepreneurship, 43–44
environment, sociocultural:
brain as modified by, 176–78
CAH girls and, 122–23
gender inequalities as perpetuated by,
xxvi–xxvii, xxviii–xxix, 235–37
gender salience and, xxvi, 7, 8–10, 18, 22, 24–25, 28, 227, 232, 235–36, 238–39, 283
gender stereotypes and, 6–7, 28, 29, 39, 84–85, 95–96, 235–37
maths ability as influenced by, 182–84
mind as influenced by, xxvi, 52–53, 92, 105
moral reasoning and, 24–25
in primate societies, 126–27
self-assessment as influenced by, 52–53
sense of belonging as cued by, 44–48
Essential Difference, The
(Baron-Cohen), xix, 15
essentialist theory, 185–86, 224
see also
brain, gender differences as hardwired in
Everyday Mind Reading
(Ickes), 17, 20
evolutionary psychology, 176, 250
experimenter expectancy effects, 114–15
facial expression processing, gender differences in, 18, 23, 116, 159, 266–67
Fagot, Beverly, 224
Fara, Patricia, 54
fathers:
in early America, 88
hormonal changes in, 87
Fausto-Sterling, Anne, xxvii–xxviii, 138, 142, 150, 236
Fawcett Society, 71, 72
female brain, xxvii
corpus callosum in, 136, 138, 143, 149, 156–57, 271, 272, 274
emotion processing in, 99, 147–51, 156
empathy as innate characteristic of, xv–xvi, xviii–xix, 13, 18–19, 91, 107–9, 112–16, 139, 158–61
as E-type, 106
face-interest studies and, 112–16, 129
facial expression processing by, 116, 266–67
foetal testosterone and, 99–106, 107–11, 117
gender inequalities as determined by, xvii–xv, xix, xxi–xxii, xxiv, 91, 95
interhemispheric (floodlight) connectivity in, 139, 144
intuition in, 157
lateralisation in, 136–40, 145, 271, 272, 277
as overloaded by work-family conflicts, 86
sensory processing in, 156
splenium in, 136, 138
as taking in more sensory data than male brain, 81–82
verbal abilities as more developed in, 99, 136, 138, 139
see also
gender stereotypes; neurosexism
Female Brain, The
(Brizendine), xv–xvi, 14, 157–62
claims about female brain, 86, 99–100, 158–61, 259
‘fetal fork’, 99–106
foetuses, sexual development of, 100–101
fictitious job applicant studies, 55–57, 59–62
Fielding, Kerin, 70, 118
file-drawer phenomenon, 134
Fiske, Susan, 67
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 134, 270–71
nuisance variables in, 135
forensic science, 118–19
Frieze, Carol,
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