of Information in Early America, 1700–1865
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); David Paul Nord,
Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001); and Eric Burns,
Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism
(New York: Public Affairs, 2006).
30 On the making of newspapers, see Lawrence Wroth,
The Colonial Printer
(New York: Grolier Club, 1931); and Jeffrey L. Pasley,
The Tyranny of Printers: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001).
31 On the importance of the
New-England Courant
, see Perry Miller, introduction to
The New-England Courant: A Selection of Certain Issues
(Boston: Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1956), 5–9; Nord,
Communities of Journalism
, 52; and Thomas C. Leonard,
The Power of the Press: The Birth of American Political Reporting
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), chap. 1.
32 See David Shields,
Civil Tongues and Polite Letters in British America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1997); and J. A. Leo Lemay,
The Life of Benjamin Franklin
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), vol. 1, chap. 6. Mather is quoted in Lemay,
Life of Franklin
, 1:119.
New-England Courant
, December 4, 1721.
33
The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
, ed. Leonard W. Larabee et al. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1958–2008), 1:13, 17, 19.
34 Lemay,
Life of Franklin
, 1:185.
35 Benjamin Franklin,
Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography: An Authoritative Text
, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall (New York: Norton, 1986), 14–17.
36 Edes’s career is most fully recounted in Rollo G. Silver, “Benjamin Edes: Trumpeter of Sedition,”
Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America
47 (1953): 248–68. But see also Isaiah Thomas,
The History of Printing in America
(Worcester, 1810), 1:136–39, 2:53–56; Tebbel,
Compact History
, 37–39; Joseph T. Buckingham,
Specimens of Newspaper Literature: With Personal Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Reminiscences
(Boston, 1850), 1:165–205; and Pasley,
Tyranny of Printers
, 37–40.
37 John Eliot,
Biographical Dictionary
(Salem and Boston, 1809), 191–92; Edwin Monroe Bacon,
Boston: A Guide Book
. (Boston, 1903), 59. On Eliot, see Clifford K. Shipton, “Andrew Eliot,” in
New England Life in the Eighteenth Century
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 397–428.
38
New York Gazette
, August 29, 1765.
39 John Singleton Copley to Captain R. C. Bruce, September 10, 1765,
Letters and Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham, 1739–1776
(Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1914), 36; Jennifer Roberts, “Copley’s Cargo:
Boy with a Squirrel
and the Dilemma of Transit,”
American Art
21 (2007): 21–41. On Copley, see Jules Prown,
John Singleton Copley
, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966).
40 Burns,
Infamous Scribblers
, 353.
41
Works of John Adams
, 2:219.
42 Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride
, 53.
43 Important critiques of popular biographies of Founding Fathers include Sean Wilentz, “America Made Easy: David McCullough, John Adams, and the Decline of Popular History,”
New Republic
, July 2, 2001; and David Waldstreicher, “Founders’ Chic as Culture War,”
Radical History Review
84 (Fall 2002): 185–94. See also Ray Raphael,
Founders: The People Who Brought You a Nation
(New York: Free Press, 2009); Jeffrey L. Pasley, Andrew W. Robertson, and David Waldstreicher, eds.,
Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); and Gary Nash, Ray Raphael, and Alfred F. Young, eds.,
Revolutionary Founders
(New York: Knopf, forth-coming). On the family feud between biographers and historians, see Jill Lepore, “Historians Who Love Too Much: Reflections on Microhistoryand Biography,”
Journal of American History
88 (June 2001):
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); David Paul Nord,
Communities of Journalism: A History of American Newspapers and Their Readers
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001); and Eric Burns,
Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism
(New York: Public Affairs, 2006).
30 On the making of newspapers, see Lawrence Wroth,
The Colonial Printer
(New York: Grolier Club, 1931); and Jeffrey L. Pasley,
The Tyranny of Printers: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic
(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2001).
31 On the importance of the
New-England Courant
, see Perry Miller, introduction to
The New-England Courant: A Selection of Certain Issues
(Boston: Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1956), 5–9; Nord,
Communities of Journalism
, 52; and Thomas C. Leonard,
The Power of the Press: The Birth of American Political Reporting
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), chap. 1.
32 See David Shields,
Civil Tongues and Polite Letters in British America
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1997); and J. A. Leo Lemay,
The Life of Benjamin Franklin
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), vol. 1, chap. 6. Mather is quoted in Lemay,
Life of Franklin
, 1:119.
New-England Courant
, December 4, 1721.
33
The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
, ed. Leonard W. Larabee et al. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1958–2008), 1:13, 17, 19.
34 Lemay,
Life of Franklin
, 1:185.
35 Benjamin Franklin,
Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography: An Authoritative Text
, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall (New York: Norton, 1986), 14–17.
36 Edes’s career is most fully recounted in Rollo G. Silver, “Benjamin Edes: Trumpeter of Sedition,”
Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America
47 (1953): 248–68. But see also Isaiah Thomas,
The History of Printing in America
(Worcester, 1810), 1:136–39, 2:53–56; Tebbel,
Compact History
, 37–39; Joseph T. Buckingham,
Specimens of Newspaper Literature: With Personal Memoirs, Anecdotes, and Reminiscences
(Boston, 1850), 1:165–205; and Pasley,
Tyranny of Printers
, 37–40.
37 John Eliot,
Biographical Dictionary
(Salem and Boston, 1809), 191–92; Edwin Monroe Bacon,
Boston: A Guide Book
. (Boston, 1903), 59. On Eliot, see Clifford K. Shipton, “Andrew Eliot,” in
New England Life in the Eighteenth Century
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 397–428.
38
New York Gazette
, August 29, 1765.
39 John Singleton Copley to Captain R. C. Bruce, September 10, 1765,
Letters and Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham, 1739–1776
(Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1914), 36; Jennifer Roberts, “Copley’s Cargo:
Boy with a Squirrel
and the Dilemma of Transit,”
American Art
21 (2007): 21–41. On Copley, see Jules Prown,
John Singleton Copley
, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966).
40 Burns,
Infamous Scribblers
, 353.
41
Works of John Adams
, 2:219.
42 Fischer,
Paul Revere’s Ride
, 53.
43 Important critiques of popular biographies of Founding Fathers include Sean Wilentz, “America Made Easy: David McCullough, John Adams, and the Decline of Popular History,”
New Republic
, July 2, 2001; and David Waldstreicher, “Founders’ Chic as Culture War,”
Radical History Review
84 (Fall 2002): 185–94. See also Ray Raphael,
Founders: The People Who Brought You a Nation
(New York: Free Press, 2009); Jeffrey L. Pasley, Andrew W. Robertson, and David Waldstreicher, eds.,
Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); and Gary Nash, Ray Raphael, and Alfred F. Young, eds.,
Revolutionary Founders
(New York: Knopf, forth-coming). On the family feud between biographers and historians, see Jill Lepore, “Historians Who Love Too Much: Reflections on Microhistoryand Biography,”
Journal of American History
88 (June 2001):
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