The Undivided Past by David Cannadine Page B

99–100, 110–12.
      65. For Toynbee’s criticism of Spengler on this score, see Toynbee,
Study of History
, vol. 1, pp. 210–11, 248–51.
      66. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 275–76.
      67. A. J. Toynbee,
Experiences
(New York, 1969), pp. 10, 200–203. For Toynbee’s disagreements with Gibbon, see W. H. Walsh, “The End of a Great Work,” in A. Montagu, ed.,
Toynbee and History: Critical Essays and Reviews
(Boston, 1956), pp. 125–26.
      68. Toynbee explicitly criticizes Gibbon along these lines in
Study of History
, vol. 1, pp. 260–62; vol. 2, pp. 19, 77–79; Toynbee,
Civilization on Trial
, pp. 226–31. For “vultures” (and “maggots”), see Toynbee,
Study of History
, vol. 1, p. 14. See also McNeill,
Toynbee
, p. 177; Editorial, “Vicisti, Galilaee,”
Times Literary Supplement
, August 19, 1939, p. 491.
      69. McNeill,
Toynbee
, pp. 164–65, 254–61. For contemporary anthologies of criticisms of Toynbee, see P. Geyl, A. J. Toynbee, and P. A. Sorokin,
The Pattern of the Past: Can We Determine It?
(Boston, 1949); Montagu,
Toynbee and History
; E. T. Gargan, ed.,
The Intent of Toynbee’s History
(Chicago, 1961). For other critiques, see also Braudel,
On History
, pp. 189–97; R. Davenport-Hines, ed.,
Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson
(London, 2006), pp. 234–37, 243.
      70. Toynbee,
Civilization on Trial
, p. 55.
      71. McNeill,
Toynbee
, p. 166; W. Kaufmann, “Toynbee and Super-History,” in Montagu,
Toynbee and History
, pp. 306–10.
      72. Toynbee,
Study of History
, vol. 2, pp. 87–93, 109–13; Toynbee,
Civilization on Trial
, pp. 213–52. See also E. Voegelin, “Toynbee’s
History
as a Search for Truth,” in Gargan,
Intent of Toynbee’s History
, pp. 183–98; P. Geyl, “Toynbee as Prophet,” in Montagu,
Toynbee and History
, pp. 360–77.
      73. Toynbee,
Study of History
, vol. 1, pp. 551–54; Toynbee,
Civilization on Trial
, p. 41.
      74. McNeill,
Toynbee
, pp. 205–61.
      75. D. A. Segal, “ ‘Western Civ’ and the Staging of History in American Higher Education,”
American Historical Review
105 (2000): 779–83,785–88; G. Allardyce, “The Rise and Fall of the Western Civilization Course,”
American Historical Review
87 (1982): 695–96, 703–16.
      76. McNeill,
Toynbee
, pp. 213–19.
      77. Ibid., pp. 94, 161, 213; Toynbee,
Experiences
, pp. 233–39, 261–67.
      78. Toynbee,
Study of History
, vol. 2, pp. 302–31; Toynbee,
Civilization on Trial
, p. 56. Pieter Geyl regarded the final volumes of
A Study of History
as “a blasphemy against Western Civilization” because Toynbee “will have it that Western Civilization is doomed, and indeed why should he care? Western Civilization means nothing to him.” See Geyl, “Toynbee as Prophet,” pp. 363–64, 377.
      79. See, for example, P. Bagby,
Culture and History: Prolegomena to the Comparative Study of Civilizations
(London, 1958); C. Quigley,
The Evolution of Civilizations: An Introduction to Historical Analysis
(New York, 1961); M. Melko,
The Nature of Civilizations
(Boston, 1969); C. H. Brough,
The Cycle of Civilization: A Scientific, Determinist Analysis of Civilization, Its Social Basis, Patterns and Projected Future
(Detroit, 1965).
      80. B. Mathews,
Young Islam on Trek: A Study in the Clash of Civilizations
(New York, 1926), pp. 41, 196, 216–18; R. W. Bulliet,
The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization
(New York, 2004), pp. 1–4.
      81. B. Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage,”
Atlantic Monthly
, September 1990, pp. 56, 60. Lewis had first used the phrase much earlier, in 1957; see R. Bonney,
False Prophets: The “Clash of Civilizations” and the Global War on Terror
(Oxford, 2008), p. 54.
      82. S. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?”
Foreign Affairs
72 (1993): 22–49; Huntington,
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
(London, 1997).
      83. Huntington,
Clash of Civilizations
, pp. 12–13, 40.
      84. Ibid., pp.