The Undivided Past by David Cannadine Page A

Barbaren
(Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fur österreichische Geschichtsforschung, 29; Vienna, 1989), pp. 87–107; both reprinted in Goffart,
Rome’s Fall and After
(London, 1989).
      42. P. Brown,
The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750
(London, 1971), pp. 122–23; H. Wolfram,
History of the Goths
(Berkeley, 1988), esp. pp. 158–59; P. Amory,
People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554
(Cambridge, 1997), pp. xi, 1–6, 13–14; J. M. H. Smith, “Did Women Have a Transformation of the Roman World?”
Gender and History
12 (2000): 553–54; Smith,
Europe After Rome: A New Cultural History, 500–1000
(Oxford, 2005), pp. 7–9, 253–67; P. S. Wells,
Barbarians to Angels: The Dark Ages Reconsidered
(New York, 2008), pp. xi–xv.
      43. B. Ward-Perkins,
The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization
(Oxford,2005); P. Heather, “The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe,”
English Historical Review
110 (1995): 4–41; Heather,
The Fall of the Roman Empire
(London, 2005).
      44. Ward-Perkins,
Fall of Rome
, p. 181; P. Brown, G. Bowersock, and A. Cameron, “The World of Late Antiquity Revisited,”
Symbolae osloenses
72 (1997): 5–90; G. Bowersock, “The Vanishing Paradigm of the Fall of Rome,” in Bowersock,
Selected Papers on Late Antiquity
(Bari, 2000), pp. 187–97. For recent attempts to synthesize these opposing views, see G. Halsall,
Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568
(Cambridge, 2007), esp. pp. 19–22; C. Wickham,
After Rome
(London, 2009), ch. 4. For a broader view of these recent disagreements, see N. Etherington, “Barbarians Ancient and Modern,”
American Historical Review
116 (2011): 31–57.
      45. E. Durkheim and M. Mauss, “Note on the Notion of Civilization,”
Social Research
38 (1971), p. 812; the article was originally published in
L’Année sociologique
12 (1913): 46–50.
      46. Fernández-Armesto,
Civilizations
, p. 18. For some of the interwar writing on civilization, see E. Huntington,
Civilization and Climate
(New Haven, 1922); A. Schweitzer,
The Decay and Restoration of Civilization
(London, 1932); V. G. Childe,
Man Makes Himself
(London, 1936).
      47. F. J. Teggart,
The Processes of History
(New Haven, 1918), pp. 4, 6.
      48. Ibid., pp. 13–14, 37, 112, 119, 151; W. H. McNeill,
Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life
(Oxford, 1989), pp. 100–101.
      49. H. Stuart Hughes,
Oswald Spengler: A Critical Estimate
, rev. ed. (New York, 1962), pp. 36–64.
      50. O. Spengler,
The Decline of the West
, 2 vols. (London, 1934), vol. 1, p. 107; Hughes,
Spengler
, p. 11.
      51. Spengler,
Decline of the West
, vol. 1, pp. 31, 106, 355; Hughes,
Spengler
, p. 72; Braudel,
On History
, pp. 182, 188; Fernández-Armesto,
Civilizations
, p. 18.
      52. Spengler,
Decline of the West
, vol. 1, Tables i–iii. In vol. 2, Spengler added three more culture-civilizations: the Babylonian, the Mexican, and the Russian.
      53. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 32, 36.
      54. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 151.
      55. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 38–39, 167; Hughes,
Spengler
, p. 7.
      56. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 159–73.
      57. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 55–83, 171.
      58. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 38–42, 162–63, 332; McNeill,
Toynbee
, p. 101.
      59. For one cogent contemporary critique of Spengler, see R. G. Collingwood, “Oswald Spengler and the Theory of Historical Cycles,”
Antiquity
1 (1927): 311–25, 435–46; for a contemporary popularization, seeE. H. Goddard and P. A. Gibbons,
Civilisation or Civilisations: An Essay in the Spenglerian Philosophy of History
(London, 1926).
      60. McNeill,
Toynbee
, pp. 98–109.
      61. Toynbee,
Western Question
, pp. 22, 36, 362–63.
      62. Ibid., p. 334; A. J. Toynbee,
A Study of History
, 2 vol. abridgment by D. C. Somervell (London, 1947–57), vol. 1, p. 35; McNeill,
Toynbee
, pp. 102, 110; A. J. Toynbee,
Civilization on Trial
(Oxford, 1948), pp. 9–10.
      63. Toynbee,
Western Question
, pp. 12, 327–46.
      64. McNeill,
Toynbee
, pp.