The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy 1933-1945 by Robert Gellately Page B
Authors: Robert Gellately
Tags: History, European, Reference, Race relations, Politics & Social Sciences, Sociology, Social Sciences, Germany, Europe, Law, Law Enforcement, Politics & Government, Specific Topics, Criminal Law, International & World Politics, Discrimination & Racism
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GSA: HA/Rep. 9oP: Gestapo Potsdam, report for Nov. 19 3.5.
14 BAK: 858/531: Gestapo Aachen, 7 Oct. 1935. This was a reaction very similar to that in Cologne and Dusseldorf.
41 BAK: R58/671, Gestapo Munich, 3 Oct. 1935.
*z BAK: R58/529.
47 StA W: Gestapo 9073; in Gestapo 10210 an arrest for 'race defilement' was made on 30 Aug. 1935. For an example from elsewhere see GSA: HA/Rep. 9oP: Gestapo Dusseldorf, July 1935.
'5 Ibid. 534: Gestapo Trier, 5 Oct. 1935•
Ibid. 656: Gestapo Trier, 5 Mar. 1936.
av Ibid.: Gestapo 9100, letter of 25 Feb. 1936. There are even more examples from areas with a tradition of anti-Semitism, e.g. around Marburg, Hesse (StA Marburg: LRA/18x/4829).
StA W: Gestapo 8989.
51 See Adam, Judenpolitik, 204ff. For additional background see Rita Thalmann and Emmanuel Feinermann, Crystal Night 9-io November 1938 (New York, 1974), 11ff.; Hermann Graml, Der 9 November 1938: 'Reichskristallnacht', 4th edn. (Bonn, 1956), 4R•
sz For all of the above see BAK: R58/276, 124ff. See also Uwe Dietrich Adam, 'Wie spontan war der Pogrom?', in Walter H. Pehle (ed.), Der Judenpogrom 1938 (Frankfurt, 1938), 74R.
'' Adam, Judenpolitik, 207; Schleunes, i36fl.
Kershaw, Popular Opinion. 261-2. The same pattern, in fact, was to be seen in the Palatinate, the district just across the River Rhine to the west of Lower Franconia. See Karl Heinz Debus, 'Die Reichskristallnacht in der Pfalz: SchuldbewuBtsein and Ermittlung', Zeitschrift fur die Geschichte des Oberrheins, 129 (1981), 445R•, and Kurt Duwell, Die Rheingebiete in der Judenpolitik des Nationalsozialismus vor 1942 (Bonn, 1968), 175ff.
54 Ophir and Wiesemann (eds.), 29T-3.
ss Bay HStA: MA io6681: report, io Jan. 1939.
56 0 phir and Wiesemann (eds.). 247-8.
See ibid. 247ff.
"' Full account in StA W: NSDAP/GL/XII/6: report of GS i i Nov. 1938.
57 Ibid. 275-8.
Ibid. 394-5.
fi' See Ophir and Wiesemann (eds.), 247ff. There is no information on several of the very smallest communities.
b2 Ibid. 259.
For the reports see StA W: LRA 2260 IV: Aschaffenburg.
See ibid.: LRA 112 1: Bad Kissingen.
5 Ibid. See also Schultheis, 359ff.
fi' BAK: R58/276. 136.
17 Schultheis, p. 79.
69 Heinz Lauber, Judenpogrom 'Reichskristalinacht' November 1938 in Grol3deutschland (Gerlingen, 1981), 123-4.
The articles are reprinted in Schultheis, 71ff.; Bay HStA: MA io668i, also in Broszat et al. (eds.), Bayern in der NS-Zeit, i. 475.
71 BAK: R7/2170, 10.
" Ophir and Wiesemann (eds.), 446.
72 For the decrees see Bruno Blau, Das Ausnahmerecht Jur die Juden in Deutschland 1933-1945 (Dusseldorf, 1954), 55ff.: for the record of the meeting see IMT xxviii. 499ff., doc. PS-18i6.
7 1 BAK: R58/1o94: SD annual report (1938), 35.
71 See Flade, Wurzburger Juden. 3 12ff.
75 IMT xx. 292-3.
" See the testimony of Karl Kaufmann of Hamburg, ibid. 38ff. See also Donald McKale. The Nazi Party Courts (Lawrence, Kans., 1974), 163ff.
77 See Earl R. Beck, Under the Bombs: The German Home Front 1942-1945 (Lexington, 1986), 151ff.
"Steinert, 3 7.Cf. Anselm Faust, Die Kristallnacht im Rhineland: Dokumente zum Judenpogrom im November 1938 (Dusseldorf, 1987), 41ff.
Otto Dov Kulka, "'Public Opinion" in Nazi Germany and the " Jewish Question"', Jerusalem Quarterly 25 (1982), 138.
si For a local example see StA Marburg: LRA i8o: Gestapo Kassel to Landrat in Marburg, 13 Jan. 1939. See also McKale, 163ff.
"See also William S. Allen, 'Die deutsche Offentlichkeit and die "Reichskristallnacht": Konflikte zwischen Werthierarchie and Propaganda im Dritten Reich', in Peukert and Reulecke (eds.), 397ff., who remarks that many who disliked the pogrom approach held private property in great esteem, others put economizing and thriftiness first, and many put a premium on the sanctity of religion, while still others set great store by 'law and order', and so on. Von Eberstein said that in so far as the SS did not participate in the pogrom, it was not because of any
14 BAK: 858/531: Gestapo Aachen, 7 Oct. 1935. This was a reaction very similar to that in Cologne and Dusseldorf.
41 BAK: R58/671, Gestapo Munich, 3 Oct. 1935.
*z BAK: R58/529.
47 StA W: Gestapo 9073; in Gestapo 10210 an arrest for 'race defilement' was made on 30 Aug. 1935. For an example from elsewhere see GSA: HA/Rep. 9oP: Gestapo Dusseldorf, July 1935.
'5 Ibid. 534: Gestapo Trier, 5 Oct. 1935•
Ibid. 656: Gestapo Trier, 5 Mar. 1936.
av Ibid.: Gestapo 9100, letter of 25 Feb. 1936. There are even more examples from areas with a tradition of anti-Semitism, e.g. around Marburg, Hesse (StA Marburg: LRA/18x/4829).
StA W: Gestapo 8989.
51 See Adam, Judenpolitik, 204ff. For additional background see Rita Thalmann and Emmanuel Feinermann, Crystal Night 9-io November 1938 (New York, 1974), 11ff.; Hermann Graml, Der 9 November 1938: 'Reichskristallnacht', 4th edn. (Bonn, 1956), 4R•
sz For all of the above see BAK: R58/276, 124ff. See also Uwe Dietrich Adam, 'Wie spontan war der Pogrom?', in Walter H. Pehle (ed.), Der Judenpogrom 1938 (Frankfurt, 1938), 74R.
'' Adam, Judenpolitik, 207; Schleunes, i36fl.
Kershaw, Popular Opinion. 261-2. The same pattern, in fact, was to be seen in the Palatinate, the district just across the River Rhine to the west of Lower Franconia. See Karl Heinz Debus, 'Die Reichskristallnacht in der Pfalz: SchuldbewuBtsein and Ermittlung', Zeitschrift fur die Geschichte des Oberrheins, 129 (1981), 445R•, and Kurt Duwell, Die Rheingebiete in der Judenpolitik des Nationalsozialismus vor 1942 (Bonn, 1968), 175ff.
54 Ophir and Wiesemann (eds.), 29T-3.
ss Bay HStA: MA io6681: report, io Jan. 1939.
56 0 phir and Wiesemann (eds.). 247-8.
See ibid. 247ff.
"' Full account in StA W: NSDAP/GL/XII/6: report of GS i i Nov. 1938.
57 Ibid. 275-8.
Ibid. 394-5.
fi' See Ophir and Wiesemann (eds.), 247ff. There is no information on several of the very smallest communities.
b2 Ibid. 259.
For the reports see StA W: LRA 2260 IV: Aschaffenburg.
See ibid.: LRA 112 1: Bad Kissingen.
5 Ibid. See also Schultheis, 359ff.
fi' BAK: R58/276. 136.
17 Schultheis, p. 79.
69 Heinz Lauber, Judenpogrom 'Reichskristalinacht' November 1938 in Grol3deutschland (Gerlingen, 1981), 123-4.
The articles are reprinted in Schultheis, 71ff.; Bay HStA: MA io668i, also in Broszat et al. (eds.), Bayern in der NS-Zeit, i. 475.
71 BAK: R7/2170, 10.
" Ophir and Wiesemann (eds.), 446.
72 For the decrees see Bruno Blau, Das Ausnahmerecht Jur die Juden in Deutschland 1933-1945 (Dusseldorf, 1954), 55ff.: for the record of the meeting see IMT xxviii. 499ff., doc. PS-18i6.
7 1 BAK: R58/1o94: SD annual report (1938), 35.
71 See Flade, Wurzburger Juden. 3 12ff.
75 IMT xx. 292-3.
" See the testimony of Karl Kaufmann of Hamburg, ibid. 38ff. See also Donald McKale. The Nazi Party Courts (Lawrence, Kans., 1974), 163ff.
77 See Earl R. Beck, Under the Bombs: The German Home Front 1942-1945 (Lexington, 1986), 151ff.
"Steinert, 3 7.Cf. Anselm Faust, Die Kristallnacht im Rhineland: Dokumente zum Judenpogrom im November 1938 (Dusseldorf, 1987), 41ff.
Otto Dov Kulka, "'Public Opinion" in Nazi Germany and the " Jewish Question"', Jerusalem Quarterly 25 (1982), 138.
si For a local example see StA Marburg: LRA i8o: Gestapo Kassel to Landrat in Marburg, 13 Jan. 1939. See also McKale, 163ff.
"See also William S. Allen, 'Die deutsche Offentlichkeit and die "Reichskristallnacht": Konflikte zwischen Werthierarchie and Propaganda im Dritten Reich', in Peukert and Reulecke (eds.), 397ff., who remarks that many who disliked the pogrom approach held private property in great esteem, others put economizing and thriftiness first, and many put a premium on the sanctity of religion, while still others set great store by 'law and order', and so on. Von Eberstein said that in so far as the SS did not participate in the pogrom, it was not because of any
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