The 50 Worst Terrorist Attacks by Edward Mickolus, Susan L. Simmons
Authors: Edward Mickolus, Susan L. Simmons
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1979. The female secretaries were identified as Lillian Johnson, Elizabeth Montagne, Terry Tedford, and Joan Walsh. The blacks were U.S. Marines Sgt. David Walker and Cpl. Wesley Williams, contracting officer Lloyd Rollins, and three U.S. Air Force administrators, S. Sgt. James Hughes, Capt. Neal âTerryâ Robinson, and M. Sgt. Joseph Vincent. On November 23, 1979, the students released a Bangladeshi, a Korean, a Pakistani, and two Filipinos. Those remaining, including blacks and a woman, were dubbed spies.
Visits by outsiders to the hostages were carefully orchestrated as media events by the students. Visitors were not allowed to see all of the hostages, leading observers to suggest that some of the hostages had been removed from the U.S. Embassy grounds.
Letters from several hostages, including some of those who had been accused of being spies, trickled out of the embassy to the hostagesâ families and the Washington Post .
In late January 1980, the Canadian government helped smuggle out six Americans who had escaped from the U.S. Embassy during the initial attack. The group first hid in the Tehran home of Robert G. Anders, a consular official, and then moved to the IranâAmerican Society to establish a telephone link with Washington, D.C. They hid at several locations before being given shelter at the Canadian Embassy. Under cover of a general personnel drawdown at the Canadian Embassy, the Americans used Canadian passports to slip out of the country with the rest of the embassy staff. The Canadian heroism triggered an outpouring of pro-Canadian sentiments in the United States and led to the making of the 2012 Oscarwinning movie âArgo.â
On March 23, 1980, the Shah flew from Panama City to final asylum in Egypt.
On April 7, 1980, the United States broke diplomatic relations with Iran, imposed an economic embargo banning all exports to Iran except food and medicine, ordered a formal inventory of Iranian financial assets in the United States, and canceled all future visas for Iranian travel in the United States. On April 22, 1980, the European Community agreed informally not to purchase Iranian oil priced above Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)-set prices. On May 18, 1980, the European Community agreed to cancel contracts signed with Iran after November 4, 1980, except for food and medicine.
Visits to and interviews with the hostages continued during the second quarter of 1980. On April 14, 1980, Red Cross officials claimed that they had been permitted to see all of the hostages. Three U.S. clerics were allowed to perform Easter services at the U.S. Embassy. On April 21, 1980, Barbara Timm was permitted to visit her son, U.S. Marine Sgt. Kevin Her-mening, 20.
On April 24, 1980, an attempt by U.S. military forces to rescue the hostages failed when three of the eight helicopters assigned to the mission became unavailable due to mishaps in the desert near Tabas, Iran. During the preparation for the flight from Tabas to Tehran, the rescue team was forced to detain a busload of 50 Iranians who came onto the scene. After a decision to call off the mission, a helicopter crashed into a transport plane, killing eight. After being displayed by an Iranian cleric at the U.S. Embassy, the remains of the men were returned to the United States. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance resigned over the wisdom of the mission. The Iranian students claimed that they would prevent future rescue attemptsby moving the hostages out of the embassy to other locations, including Mashad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Qom, Qazvin, Najafabad, Jahrom, Arak, Mahallat, Yazd, Gorgan, Zanjan, and Hamedan.
On May 24, 1980, the ICJ unanimously ordered Iran to release the hostages and said in a 12â3 decision that Iran must pay damages to the United States.
On January 20, 1981, with the release of frozen Iranian bank assets and the help of Algeria negotiators, the 52 remaining Americans gained their freedom. They flew
Visits by outsiders to the hostages were carefully orchestrated as media events by the students. Visitors were not allowed to see all of the hostages, leading observers to suggest that some of the hostages had been removed from the U.S. Embassy grounds.
Letters from several hostages, including some of those who had been accused of being spies, trickled out of the embassy to the hostagesâ families and the Washington Post .
In late January 1980, the Canadian government helped smuggle out six Americans who had escaped from the U.S. Embassy during the initial attack. The group first hid in the Tehran home of Robert G. Anders, a consular official, and then moved to the IranâAmerican Society to establish a telephone link with Washington, D.C. They hid at several locations before being given shelter at the Canadian Embassy. Under cover of a general personnel drawdown at the Canadian Embassy, the Americans used Canadian passports to slip out of the country with the rest of the embassy staff. The Canadian heroism triggered an outpouring of pro-Canadian sentiments in the United States and led to the making of the 2012 Oscarwinning movie âArgo.â
On March 23, 1980, the Shah flew from Panama City to final asylum in Egypt.
On April 7, 1980, the United States broke diplomatic relations with Iran, imposed an economic embargo banning all exports to Iran except food and medicine, ordered a formal inventory of Iranian financial assets in the United States, and canceled all future visas for Iranian travel in the United States. On April 22, 1980, the European Community agreed informally not to purchase Iranian oil priced above Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)-set prices. On May 18, 1980, the European Community agreed to cancel contracts signed with Iran after November 4, 1980, except for food and medicine.
Visits to and interviews with the hostages continued during the second quarter of 1980. On April 14, 1980, Red Cross officials claimed that they had been permitted to see all of the hostages. Three U.S. clerics were allowed to perform Easter services at the U.S. Embassy. On April 21, 1980, Barbara Timm was permitted to visit her son, U.S. Marine Sgt. Kevin Her-mening, 20.
On April 24, 1980, an attempt by U.S. military forces to rescue the hostages failed when three of the eight helicopters assigned to the mission became unavailable due to mishaps in the desert near Tabas, Iran. During the preparation for the flight from Tabas to Tehran, the rescue team was forced to detain a busload of 50 Iranians who came onto the scene. After a decision to call off the mission, a helicopter crashed into a transport plane, killing eight. After being displayed by an Iranian cleric at the U.S. Embassy, the remains of the men were returned to the United States. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance resigned over the wisdom of the mission. The Iranian students claimed that they would prevent future rescue attemptsby moving the hostages out of the embassy to other locations, including Mashad, Tabriz, Isfahan, Shiraz, Qom, Qazvin, Najafabad, Jahrom, Arak, Mahallat, Yazd, Gorgan, Zanjan, and Hamedan.
On May 24, 1980, the ICJ unanimously ordered Iran to release the hostages and said in a 12â3 decision that Iran must pay damages to the United States.
On January 20, 1981, with the release of frozen Iranian bank assets and the help of Algeria negotiators, the 52 remaining Americans gained their freedom. They flew