School Lunch Politics by Susan Levine

2357.
    78. Offer, “Body Weight,” 87–88.
    79. “Fast Foods Sell School Lunches in Las Vegas,” NYT, January 19, 1978.
    80. Ibid.
    81. “John Dewey Pupils Rave over Fast Food School Lunches,” NYT, April 6, 1978; and “Fast Food Lunches Planned to Lure New York’s Pupils,” NYT, November 23, 1977.
    82. “John Dewey Pupils Rave.”
    83. Melissa Alexander, “Tortillas Become Staple Fare in Nation’s Public Schools,” Milling and Baking News, June 24, 1997, http://www.bakingbusiness.com .
    84. Rhodes and Arrezo, “How Two Lunch Programs Save Money,” 7.
    85. Senate Agriculture Committee, 1969, p. 157.
    86. Melissa Alexander, “Pizza in the School Lunch Program,” Milling and Baking News, June 18, 1996, http://www.bakingbusiness.com .
    87. Hightower, Eat Your Heart Out, 75.
    88. “Fast Foods Sell School Lunches in Las Vegas”; “‘Junk Food’ Plan Widely Criticized.”
    89. House Subcommittee on Education and Labor, 1973, p. 121.
    90. Ibid.; Marion Nestle, Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002); Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All American Meal (New York: Perennial Press, 2002); and Michael Pollan, Omnivor’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006).
    91. House Committee on Education and Labor, 1973, p. 121.
    92. Ron Haskins, “The School Lunch Lobby,” Education Next, The Hoover Institution, http://www.educationnext.org
    93. House Committee on Education and Labor, 1973, p. 120.
    94. Haskins, “The School Lunch Lobby.”
    95. See Laura S. Sims, The Politics of Fat: Food and Nutrition Policy in America (Amonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 75.
    96. Offer, “Body Weight,” 83. Offer suggests that “average body weights rose about two BMI units and may have already reached their 1980 levels in Britain in the 1930s” and in the United States during the 1940s (81). By the 1990s, however, BMI figures were significantly higher.
    97. Winifred M. Mayers, “Changing Attitudes Toward Overweight and Reducing,” in Lydia J. Roberts Award Essays (Chicago: American Dietetic Association, 1968), 49.
    98. Harvey Levenstein, Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 158.
    99. Senate Select Committee, Part 1, pp. 38–39.
    100. Sims, The Politics ofFat, 68ff (emphasis in the original).
    101. “History of the National School Lunch Program,” www.usda.gov/cgi-bin/waisga .
    102. Senate Select Committee, Part 1, pp. 38–39.
    103. The others were food stamps, subsidized housing, Medicaid, and Medicare. See “Half of Black Households Used School Lunch Program in 1980,” NYT November 26, 1982.
    104. Center on Budget Policy and Analysis, “Falling Behind,” 165.
    105. Reagan proposed an overall cut of $4.2 billion in the Department of Agriculture budget. His proposed measures would also have eliminated the free milk program and shifted the costs of grading, inspection, and licensing fees onto farmers, reduced the number of farm loans available, and increased interest rates for others. See “Congress Cutting Food Programs,” NYT, July 8, 1981. Also see Haskins, “The School Lunch Lobby.”
    106. “Many Students Decide Not to Buy More Costly School Lunches.”
    107. Robert G. St. Pierre and Michael J. Puma, “Controlling Federal Expenditures in the National School Lunch Program: The Relationship between Changes in Household Eligibility and Federal Policy,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 11 no. 1 (1992): 42–57, 43.
    108. Ibid., 44.
    109. Ibid., 47. The authors concluded that the rate of misreporting was 4.8% in the school lunch program and 4.9% for food stamps (53).
    110. Center on Budget and Policy Analysis, “Falling Behind,” 166.
    111.