Rogue State by Richard H. Owens

over the have-nots [others]; has an aversion to taxes and tends to share or donate less in relation to wealth than progressive sorts; and a tendency to employ unilateralism and use of force in foreign affairs, as opposed to collective action and -or more peaceful strategies to achieve security for the U.S.
    3. Virginia. Constitutional Convention, 1829-1830. Proceedings .
    4. Ibid.
    5. Virginia. Reform Convention, 1850-1851. Proceedings .
    6. Ibid.
    7. William Freehling. Road to Disunion. Vol. One: Secessionists at Bay . New York: Oxford, 1990, p. 512. [Also see Vol. Two: Secessionists Triumphant . New York, Oxford, 2007].
    8. Virginia. Reform Convention, 1850-1851. Proceedings .
    9. Richard O. Curry, “A Reappraisal of Statehood Politics in West Virginia.” Journal of Southern History . 28. 4 (1962), p. 406.
    10. Henry Dering (Morgantown) to Waitman T. Willey; March 16, 1861.
    11. One can make a case in the 21st century that many West Virginia Democrats are often only nominally so. Presidential voting patterns and attitudes on a number of national issues leaning strongly toward Republican, perhaps even libertarian, views, values, and votes.
    12. Otis Rice and Stephen Brown. West Virginia: A History . Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1985, 1993, p. 112. Rice and Brown suggest that western Virginians believed that Breckinridge supported both the Union and the South, and thus supported him in 1860 (p. 112). Such a contention again raises the issue: Did Western Virginians truly lean to the Union, or to states’ rights and the South?
    13. Virginia. Ordinance of Secession; Votes .
    14. Clarksburg [Virginia] Convention of 1861. Resolutions . Also, see Rice and Brown, pp. 113-117 for details regarding some of the various other gatherings in Western Virginia.
    15. First Wheeling Convention. Proceedings .
    16. Roy Zinn, DVM. Zinn Family Chronology and Genealogy . Tiffin, Ohio. Unpublished manuscript, 2011. According to Dr. Zinn, one of William Zinn’s descendants who has studied the Zinn family intensely for decades, there was no doubt that William B. Zinn was a Union man. In fact, he was typical of many local community leaders caught up in the geographic, moral, social, and political issues and dissensions of the Civil War era in western Virginia.
    William’s grandfather emigrated from Germany in the 1760s. He was a farmer, ultimately owning 1,100 acres, and mill owner in Preston County, VA. Zinn was well read and especially knowledgeable in foreign affairs. He had owned about a dozen slaves but sold them at some point before the Civil War. The slaves had originally come through his wife's family (the Franklins) along with $8,000 in gold and other property.
    William Zinn was sixty five years old in 1861 when he became a delegate to the first Constitutional Convention in Wheeling. He had been a member of the Virginia Legislature for eight years between 1823 and 1853, so he knew the state and the political arena well. He was a Major in the militia. Later, William Zinn served as a member of the “Restored” Virginia legislature in 1863, and in the West Virginia legislature from 1866 to1868.
    17. First Wheeling Convention. Proceedings .
    18. Ibid. Carlile ironically quoted Patrick Henry, a fervent states-righter and defender of both slavery and the socio-political status quo in the state.
    19. Ibid.
    20. Ibid.
    21. However, a detailed study by historian Richard O. Curry, A House Divided: A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1964), concluded that a sizeable minority in western Virginia voted for the Ordinance of Secession. The war that was splitting the nation also permanently divided the state of Virginia, and even caused great dissention in its western counties.
    22. Virginia. Ordinance of Secession; Votes .
    23. Ibid.
    24. Ibid.
    25. First Wheeling Convention. Proceedings .
    26. First Wheeling Convention. Delegates List .
    27.