God's Story: A Student Guide to Church History by Brian Cosby Page B

some have argued that Barth’s Church Dogmatics remains the most detailed and extensive expression of Protestant doctrine since the time of the Reformation.
Pentecostalism
    A third reaction to the rise of modernism was Pentecostalism . Remember John Wesley? Wesley believed, among other things, that a Christian could actually become holy or sanctified in this life. During the 19 th century, the Holiness movement —as it came to be known as—borrowed Wesley’s theology and promoted it, affirming instantaneous sanctification.
    Though started in the Methodist Church (which Wesley founded), bishops during the later 19 th century started to separate themselves from the Holiness movement. The withdrawing Holiness groups from the Methodist Church emphasized “alter calls,” invitations, testimonies, decisions for Christ, and other revivalist-leaning techniques. Physical healings and speaking in tongues would also become associated with the Holiness movement.
    Then, in 1906, an event would break the mold. William J. Seymour, an African-American son of former slaves, began preaching in a small house in Los Angeles concerning the baptism of the Holy Spirit and why speaking in tongues accompanied true conversion. After the house became no longer adequate to accommodate the large crowds, an old mission on Azusa Street was purchased. Immediately, revival broke out. Thousands filled the mission and surrounding areas and the three-year Azusa Street Revival became the birthplace of the modern Pentecostal movement.
    Most Pentecostals believe that one can receive the same experience and spiritual gifts, as did the first Christians on the day of Pentecost (Acts 2). Pentecostals also emphasize personal power granted by the Holy Spirit to overcome hardship and a large segment believe in the heretical “ health, wealth, and prosperity gospel, ” which teaches that if you are faithful enough, God will give you health, wealth, and financial prosperity.
    While there remains no central governing branch or authority within Pentecostalism, it is one of the fastest-growing movements in the world, particularly in the global south. Some well-known leaders of the Pentecostal and charismatic movement include Oral Roberts, Benny Hinn, Pat Robertson, Jimmy Swaggart, Kenneth Copeland, Kenneth Hagin, T. D. Jakes, Joyce Meyer, and Joel Osteen. Other popular charismatic groups—which often associate with Pentecostals—are the Hillsong Church (and Hillsong United band) in Australia and the Alpha Course, based out of Holy Trinity, Brompton, in London, England.
Evangelicalism
    While “evangelicalism” can be traced to the Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s (see Chapter 9)—and theological and spiritual emphases before that from the Puritans—it broke away from the fundamentalism of the early 20 th century into the movement as it is recognized today. Evangelicalism emphasizes the historically Protestant theological convictions—justification by faith alone, the substitutionary atonement of Christ on the cross, the miracles of Jesus, his resurrection, personal conversion and rebirth by the Spirit, the realities of heaven and hell, the sovereign grace of God, and the inspiration and authority of the Bible.
    During the 1940s and especially in the 1950s—with the emergence of the evangelist Billy Graham (1918–) and his largely-popular crusades—evangelicalism began to differentiate itself from fundamentalism with fundamentalism focusing more on its distinction from liberalism while evangelicalism focused more on personal conversion experience, rebirth, assurance of salvation, and evangelism.
    Evangelical zeal also permeated into the youth culture, as seen in the explosion of youth-oriented organizations like Young Life (1941), Youth for Christ (1946), Fellowship of Christian Athletes (1954), and Student Venture (1966). In response to the immediate popularity of these organizations and the supportive desire to see young people reached with the gospel,