Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945 by Rana Mitter Page B
Authors: Rana Mitter
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Burma was one of the greatest humiliations for the Allies in the early part of the joint war against Japan.
Refugees fleeing famine-stricken Henan province, c. 1943. A combination of natural disaster, incompetence, and factors outside Chinese control led to a devastating famine that eroded Nationalist legitimacy.
Female famine victim, Henan, c. 1943.
A Chinese soldier guards a squadron of Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter planes, 1943.
Colonel David Barrett (left) and diplomat John Service outside their Yan’an lodgings. The two were part of the American “Dixie Mission” into Communist territory.
Song Meiling (Madame Chiang) on the rostrum of the US House of Representatives, Washington, January 18, 1943. US aid was critical to China’s war effort, but Chiang’s reputation faded during the war, despite Song Meiling’s attempts to restore it.
( left to right ) Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Song Meiling at the Cairo Conference, 1943. This was the first (and only) conference in which China participated as an equal Allied power.
Participants in the Greater East Asia Conference, Tokyo, November 1943 ( left to right ): Ba Maw, Zhang Jinghui, Wang Jingwei, Tôjô Hideki, Wan Waithayakon, José P. Laurel, Subhas Chandra Bose. The conference aimed to project an idea of a Japanese-dominated Asia in contrast to the Allied vision for the region.
Refugees on foot, November 1944. The Japanese Operation Ichigô tore through central China in 1944 and devastated huge areas that had been held by the Nationalists.
Chinese-manned American tanks enter Burma, January 1945. The Allies had insisted on Chinese participation in the recapture of the country they had lost in 1942.
General Okamura Yasuji, head of the Imperial Japanese Army in China, during the surrender ceremony, with the Chinese delegation under General He Yingqin, Nanjing, September 9, 1945.
( left to right ) Zhang Zizhong, Mao Zedong, Patrick Hurley, Zhou Enlai, and Wang Ruofei, en route to Chongqing for negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek after the Japanese surrender, 1945.
Chinese paramilitary policemen carrying wreaths of flowers march toward the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall in Nanjing on December 13, 2012, to mark the seventy-fifth anniversary of the atrocity.
Anti-Japanese demonstration during the Diaoyu islands dispute, Shenzhen, September 16, 2012.
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Notes
Abbreviations are given below for source references found in more than one chapter.
CKSD: Chiang Kai-shek diary
CQA: Chongqing Municipal Archive
CQDH: Southwestern Normal University Chongqing Bombing Research Center et al., ed., Chongqing da hongzha [ The Great Chongqing Bombings ] (Chongqing, 2002)
CQHX: Xu Wancheng, Chongqing Huaxu [ Chongqing Gossip ] (Shanghai, 1946)
DBPO: Documents on British Policy Overseas
DZY: Du Yi and Du Ying, eds., Huan wo heshan: Du Zhongyuan wenji [ Return our Rivers and Mountains: The Collected Essays of Du Zhongyuan ] (Shanghai, 1998)
FRUS: Foreign Relations of the United States
GZW: Gao Zongwu, Gao Zongwu huiyilu [ The Memoirs of Gao Zongwu ] (Beijing, 2009)
MSW: Mao Zedong, Selected Works , vol. III (Beijing, 1967)
MZD: Stuart R. Schram, ed., Mao’s Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings, 1912–1949 , 7 vols. (Armonk, NY, 1992–)
NARA: National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC
NCH: North-China Herald
PVD: Peter Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries: Yenan, 1942–1945 (New York, 1975)
QDHF: Yang Lin et al., Qu da houfang: Zhongguo kangzhan neiqian shilu [ Going to the Interior: True Stories of the Journey Inland during the War of Resistance ] (Shanghai, 2005)
SMA: Shanghai Municipal Archive
SP: Joseph W. Stilwell, ed. Theodore H. White, The Stilwell Papers (Beijing, 2003) [originally New York, 1948]
UNA: United Nations Archives, New York
ZFHR: Cai Dejin, ed., Zhou Fohai riji
Refugees fleeing famine-stricken Henan province, c. 1943. A combination of natural disaster, incompetence, and factors outside Chinese control led to a devastating famine that eroded Nationalist legitimacy.
Female famine victim, Henan, c. 1943.
A Chinese soldier guards a squadron of Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter planes, 1943.
Colonel David Barrett (left) and diplomat John Service outside their Yan’an lodgings. The two were part of the American “Dixie Mission” into Communist territory.
Song Meiling (Madame Chiang) on the rostrum of the US House of Representatives, Washington, January 18, 1943. US aid was critical to China’s war effort, but Chiang’s reputation faded during the war, despite Song Meiling’s attempts to restore it.
( left to right ) Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Song Meiling at the Cairo Conference, 1943. This was the first (and only) conference in which China participated as an equal Allied power.
Participants in the Greater East Asia Conference, Tokyo, November 1943 ( left to right ): Ba Maw, Zhang Jinghui, Wang Jingwei, Tôjô Hideki, Wan Waithayakon, José P. Laurel, Subhas Chandra Bose. The conference aimed to project an idea of a Japanese-dominated Asia in contrast to the Allied vision for the region.
Refugees on foot, November 1944. The Japanese Operation Ichigô tore through central China in 1944 and devastated huge areas that had been held by the Nationalists.
Chinese-manned American tanks enter Burma, January 1945. The Allies had insisted on Chinese participation in the recapture of the country they had lost in 1942.
General Okamura Yasuji, head of the Imperial Japanese Army in China, during the surrender ceremony, with the Chinese delegation under General He Yingqin, Nanjing, September 9, 1945.
( left to right ) Zhang Zizhong, Mao Zedong, Patrick Hurley, Zhou Enlai, and Wang Ruofei, en route to Chongqing for negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek after the Japanese surrender, 1945.
Chinese paramilitary policemen carrying wreaths of flowers march toward the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall in Nanjing on December 13, 2012, to mark the seventy-fifth anniversary of the atrocity.
Anti-Japanese demonstration during the Diaoyu islands dispute, Shenzhen, September 16, 2012.
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Notes
Abbreviations are given below for source references found in more than one chapter.
CKSD: Chiang Kai-shek diary
CQA: Chongqing Municipal Archive
CQDH: Southwestern Normal University Chongqing Bombing Research Center et al., ed., Chongqing da hongzha [ The Great Chongqing Bombings ] (Chongqing, 2002)
CQHX: Xu Wancheng, Chongqing Huaxu [ Chongqing Gossip ] (Shanghai, 1946)
DBPO: Documents on British Policy Overseas
DZY: Du Yi and Du Ying, eds., Huan wo heshan: Du Zhongyuan wenji [ Return our Rivers and Mountains: The Collected Essays of Du Zhongyuan ] (Shanghai, 1998)
FRUS: Foreign Relations of the United States
GZW: Gao Zongwu, Gao Zongwu huiyilu [ The Memoirs of Gao Zongwu ] (Beijing, 2009)
MSW: Mao Zedong, Selected Works , vol. III (Beijing, 1967)
MZD: Stuart R. Schram, ed., Mao’s Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings, 1912–1949 , 7 vols. (Armonk, NY, 1992–)
NARA: National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC
NCH: North-China Herald
PVD: Peter Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries: Yenan, 1942–1945 (New York, 1975)
QDHF: Yang Lin et al., Qu da houfang: Zhongguo kangzhan neiqian shilu [ Going to the Interior: True Stories of the Journey Inland during the War of Resistance ] (Shanghai, 2005)
SMA: Shanghai Municipal Archive
SP: Joseph W. Stilwell, ed. Theodore H. White, The Stilwell Papers (Beijing, 2003) [originally New York, 1948]
UNA: United Nations Archives, New York
ZFHR: Cai Dejin, ed., Zhou Fohai riji
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