in none of the 29 patients with other psychiatric in either psychiatric or organic states.
diagnoses. In a second Kenyan study, only 3% of 141
patients with schizophrenia were found to have olfac-
Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations
tory hallucinations [189]. None of these studies exam-
in psychiatric illness
ined for the presence of gustatory hallucinations. The World Health Organization ten-country study of 1,288
patients with first-episode schizophrenia, published in Schizophrenia
1992, identified OHs in 13% of patients in developed Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations occur in a countries and 9% of those patients from developing significant minority of patients with schizophrenia.
countries [190].
For example, Pearlson and colleagues [185] stud-In summary, OHs have been described in patients ied 131 patients with schizophrenia and identified with differing diagnoses including schizophrenia, olfactory/gustatory hallucinations in 17%/12% of the affective disorders, and eating disorders. Gustatory patients. In schizophrenia, olfactory, gustatory, and hallucinations have been found in patients with tactile hallucinations are usually “fellow travellers”
schizophrenia but few studies have investigated for with auditory hallucinations. In one study, 2% of their presence in other psychiatric conditions. The hal-patients with olfactory/gustatory hallucinations, 84%
lucinations tend to be of an unpleasant nature though of patients with tactile hallucinations, and 84% of good descriptive accounts of the quality of the smells patients with VHs also described auditory hallu-is lacking in the psychiatric literature.
cinations [6]. The presence of tactile and olfactory/gustatory hallucinations was highly correlated to
Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations
each other and both types, but not with auditory or
in neurological disorders
visual hallucinations, nor with the severity of delusions.
Epilepsy
Other psychiatric disorders
An epileptic aura is “that portion of the seizure which occurs before consciousness is lost and for which The diagnostic specificity of olfactory hallucinations memory is retained afterwards” [191]. Early studies in patients with psychiatric illness was addressed found that 750 of 1,039 epilepsy patients described in a study of 131 patients with schizophrenia, 21
226 different types of epileptic aura [192] whereas a patients with depression, 31 patients with eating dis-more recent study identified an aura in 64% of 290
orders, and 77 normal control subjects [186]. Olfac-patients [193]. The commonest auras described by tory hallucinations (OHs) were described by patients patients across these studies were of epigastric sen-from the three patient groups but not in the control sations, motor phenomena, affective states, déjà vu, group (schizophrenia 35%, depression 19%, and eat-and vertiginous sensations. In patients unselected for ing disorders 29%) and the prevalence was not signif-the type of epilepsy, about 1% describe OHs [192,
icantly different by group. Patients with schizophrenia 194], whereas in studies of patients with temporal lobe and depression generally described unpleasant smells epilepsy the figures range from 0.03% to 13% [156,
whereas the eating disorder patients described halluci-
193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199]. Gustatory hallucinations nations that were food related and generally pleasant.
are also relatively uncommon with prevalence rates of ranging from 0.2% [192], to 2% [193], to 11% [195].
Cultural variables
Daly [196] coined the term “uncinate fits” in a Olfactory hallucinations have also been noted in description of 55 patients of whom 20 (36%) had non-Western cultures. Teggin and colleagues [187]
olfactory and gustatory phenomena associated with reported olfactory hallucinations in 59% of black seizures of various etiology. Daly postulated that the
32
African patients compared to 20% of white and 27% of uncus, which he considered to the cortical
diagnoses. In a second Kenyan study, only 3% of 141
patients with schizophrenia were found to have olfac-
Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations
tory hallucinations [189]. None of these studies exam-
in psychiatric illness
ined for the presence of gustatory hallucinations. The World Health Organization ten-country study of 1,288
patients with first-episode schizophrenia, published in Schizophrenia
1992, identified OHs in 13% of patients in developed Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations occur in a countries and 9% of those patients from developing significant minority of patients with schizophrenia.
countries [190].
For example, Pearlson and colleagues [185] stud-In summary, OHs have been described in patients ied 131 patients with schizophrenia and identified with differing diagnoses including schizophrenia, olfactory/gustatory hallucinations in 17%/12% of the affective disorders, and eating disorders. Gustatory patients. In schizophrenia, olfactory, gustatory, and hallucinations have been found in patients with tactile hallucinations are usually “fellow travellers”
schizophrenia but few studies have investigated for with auditory hallucinations. In one study, 2% of their presence in other psychiatric conditions. The hal-patients with olfactory/gustatory hallucinations, 84%
lucinations tend to be of an unpleasant nature though of patients with tactile hallucinations, and 84% of good descriptive accounts of the quality of the smells patients with VHs also described auditory hallu-is lacking in the psychiatric literature.
cinations [6]. The presence of tactile and olfactory/gustatory hallucinations was highly correlated to
Olfactory and gustatory hallucinations
each other and both types, but not with auditory or
in neurological disorders
visual hallucinations, nor with the severity of delusions.
Epilepsy
Other psychiatric disorders
An epileptic aura is “that portion of the seizure which occurs before consciousness is lost and for which The diagnostic specificity of olfactory hallucinations memory is retained afterwards” [191]. Early studies in patients with psychiatric illness was addressed found that 750 of 1,039 epilepsy patients described in a study of 131 patients with schizophrenia, 21
226 different types of epileptic aura [192] whereas a patients with depression, 31 patients with eating dis-more recent study identified an aura in 64% of 290
orders, and 77 normal control subjects [186]. Olfac-patients [193]. The commonest auras described by tory hallucinations (OHs) were described by patients patients across these studies were of epigastric sen-from the three patient groups but not in the control sations, motor phenomena, affective states, déjà vu, group (schizophrenia 35%, depression 19%, and eat-and vertiginous sensations. In patients unselected for ing disorders 29%) and the prevalence was not signif-the type of epilepsy, about 1% describe OHs [192,
icantly different by group. Patients with schizophrenia 194], whereas in studies of patients with temporal lobe and depression generally described unpleasant smells epilepsy the figures range from 0.03% to 13% [156,
whereas the eating disorder patients described halluci-
193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199]. Gustatory hallucinations nations that were food related and generally pleasant.
are also relatively uncommon with prevalence rates of ranging from 0.2% [192], to 2% [193], to 11% [195].
Cultural variables
Daly [196] coined the term “uncinate fits” in a Olfactory hallucinations have also been noted in description of 55 patients of whom 20 (36%) had non-Western cultures. Teggin and colleagues [187]
olfactory and gustatory phenomena associated with reported olfactory hallucinations in 59% of black seizures of various etiology. Daly postulated that the
32
African patients compared to 20% of white and 27% of uncus, which he considered to the cortical
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