Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols by Kate Raphael Page B
Book: Muslim Fortresses in the Levant: Between Crusaders and Mongols by Kate Raphael
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Authors: Kate Raphael
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Sālim, Mufarrij al-kurūb fī akhbār banī ayyūb (Alexandria, 1953), vol. 3, 215–16.
63 Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century the Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of Eracles or Acre text , Crusader Texts in Translation, trans. by J. Shirley (Brookfield Vermont, 1999), 140, n. 6.
64 Humphreys, R. S., From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–126 (Albany, 1977), 136–7, 159; Ibn , Mufarrij, vol. 3, 215–16. For a detailed discussion concerning the building of Mount Tabor and the final decision to destroy it see ch.1 in Burchard of Mount Sion, A Description of the Holy Land, trans. from Latin by A. Stewart (London, 1896), PPTS , vol. 12, 43; Pringle, Churches , 68.
65 Ibn al-Furāt, Ta’rīkh (Lyons), 66.
66 Irwin, R., “The Mamluk conquest of the County of Tripoli,” in Crusade and Settlement , ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), 249.
67 Ayalon, D., “The Mamluks and naval power: a phase of the struggle between Islam and Christian Europe,” in Studies on the Mamluks of Egypt (1250–1517) (London, Variorum, 1977), VI, 5.
68 Ayalon, “Naval power”, 6–9.
69 Ibn al-Furāt, Ta’rīkh (Lyons), 72.
70 Ibid., 72.
71 Ibid., 101.
72 Drory, J., “Founding a new Mamlaka: some remarks concerning Safed and the organization of the region in the Mamluk period,” in The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society , eds. M. Winter and A. Levanoni (Leiden and Boston, 2004), 163–87.
73 Johns, “ ,” 30.
74 Ibn , 297–9; Maqrīzī, Sulūk, vol. 1, pt. 2, 565–6.
75 Bar Hebraeus, Chronography , vol. 1, 448; Ibn , 307–13; Maqrīzī, Sulūk , vol. 1, pt. 2, 568–9.
76 Maqrīzī does not give the exact number of fortresses or their names.
77 Maqrīzī, Sulūk , vol. 1, pt. 2, 568.
78 Ibid., vol. 1, pt. 2, 568.
79 Ibn al-Furāt, Ta’rīkh (Lyons), 126.
80 Ibn Shaddād, , vol. 1, pt. 2, 71.
81 Major, B. “Medieval cave fortifications of the Upper Orontes Valley (a preliminary report),” in Military Architecture in Greater Syria , ed. H. Kennedy (Leiden and Boston, 2006), 256–7.
82 Kennedy, Castles , 84.
83 Ellenblum, Modern Histories , chs 15–16.
84 Chevedden, P. E., “Fortifications and the development of defensive planning during the Crusader period,” in Circle of War in The iddle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History , eds. D. J. Kagay, and L. J. Andrew Villalon (Woodbridge, UK, 1999), 33–43.
85 Raphael, K., “Archers during the Crusader period,” MA thesis. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2002) [Hebrew].
86 Ibn Shaddād, , vol. 1, pt. 2, 417; Maqrīzī, Sulūk , vol. 1, pt. 2, 525.
87 Ibn , 375–7; Barber, Knighthood , 79, n. 56.
88 Ibn , 379–80.
89 Barber, Knighthood , 158–160.
90 Ibid., 385–6.
91 In the two defeats of the battles of La Forbie (1244) and Mansura (1250) the Franks lost a large number of men. It seems they could not rebuild their army without considerable help from Europe. According to Marshall there was a strategic change during the mid thirteenth century and the Franks clearly preferred defending themselves from within their fortresses to heading out into the open battlefield. Marshall, Warfare , 182.
92 A description of naft containers is given in Chapter 2.
93 Amitai, “Arsuf,” 85–101. Raphael, K. and Tepper, Y. “The achaeological evidence from the Mamluk siege of Arsūf,” MSR 9/1 (2005): 85–100.
94 Ibn , 95.
95 al-sharīf (Cairo, 1894), 196.
96 Maqrīzī, Sulūk , vol. 1, pt. 2, 564.
97 Ragette, F., Baalbek (Princeton, NJ, 1980), 76–8; Chevedden, P. E., The Citadel of Damascus . PhD diss., University of Los Angeles, California, 1986, unpublished, 48–81.
98 See Chapter 2, nn. 98–99.
99 Abū‘l-Fidā’, fī ta’rīkh al-bashar , eds. M. Zinhum and Y. (Cairo, 1999), vol. 4, 57; Abū‘l-Fidā, Syrian Prince (Holt), 37.
100 Boase, T. S. R. “The History of the Kingdom,” in The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia , ed.
63 Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century the Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of Eracles or Acre text , Crusader Texts in Translation, trans. by J. Shirley (Brookfield Vermont, 1999), 140, n. 6.
64 Humphreys, R. S., From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–126 (Albany, 1977), 136–7, 159; Ibn , Mufarrij, vol. 3, 215–16. For a detailed discussion concerning the building of Mount Tabor and the final decision to destroy it see ch.1 in Burchard of Mount Sion, A Description of the Holy Land, trans. from Latin by A. Stewart (London, 1896), PPTS , vol. 12, 43; Pringle, Churches , 68.
65 Ibn al-Furāt, Ta’rīkh (Lyons), 66.
66 Irwin, R., “The Mamluk conquest of the County of Tripoli,” in Crusade and Settlement , ed. P. W. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), 249.
67 Ayalon, D., “The Mamluks and naval power: a phase of the struggle between Islam and Christian Europe,” in Studies on the Mamluks of Egypt (1250–1517) (London, Variorum, 1977), VI, 5.
68 Ayalon, “Naval power”, 6–9.
69 Ibn al-Furāt, Ta’rīkh (Lyons), 72.
70 Ibid., 72.
71 Ibid., 101.
72 Drory, J., “Founding a new Mamlaka: some remarks concerning Safed and the organization of the region in the Mamluk period,” in The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society , eds. M. Winter and A. Levanoni (Leiden and Boston, 2004), 163–87.
73 Johns, “ ,” 30.
74 Ibn , 297–9; Maqrīzī, Sulūk, vol. 1, pt. 2, 565–6.
75 Bar Hebraeus, Chronography , vol. 1, 448; Ibn , 307–13; Maqrīzī, Sulūk , vol. 1, pt. 2, 568–9.
76 Maqrīzī does not give the exact number of fortresses or their names.
77 Maqrīzī, Sulūk , vol. 1, pt. 2, 568.
78 Ibid., vol. 1, pt. 2, 568.
79 Ibn al-Furāt, Ta’rīkh (Lyons), 126.
80 Ibn Shaddād, , vol. 1, pt. 2, 71.
81 Major, B. “Medieval cave fortifications of the Upper Orontes Valley (a preliminary report),” in Military Architecture in Greater Syria , ed. H. Kennedy (Leiden and Boston, 2006), 256–7.
82 Kennedy, Castles , 84.
83 Ellenblum, Modern Histories , chs 15–16.
84 Chevedden, P. E., “Fortifications and the development of defensive planning during the Crusader period,” in Circle of War in The iddle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History , eds. D. J. Kagay, and L. J. Andrew Villalon (Woodbridge, UK, 1999), 33–43.
85 Raphael, K., “Archers during the Crusader period,” MA thesis. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2002) [Hebrew].
86 Ibn Shaddād, , vol. 1, pt. 2, 417; Maqrīzī, Sulūk , vol. 1, pt. 2, 525.
87 Ibn , 375–7; Barber, Knighthood , 79, n. 56.
88 Ibn , 379–80.
89 Barber, Knighthood , 158–160.
90 Ibid., 385–6.
91 In the two defeats of the battles of La Forbie (1244) and Mansura (1250) the Franks lost a large number of men. It seems they could not rebuild their army without considerable help from Europe. According to Marshall there was a strategic change during the mid thirteenth century and the Franks clearly preferred defending themselves from within their fortresses to heading out into the open battlefield. Marshall, Warfare , 182.
92 A description of naft containers is given in Chapter 2.
93 Amitai, “Arsuf,” 85–101. Raphael, K. and Tepper, Y. “The achaeological evidence from the Mamluk siege of Arsūf,” MSR 9/1 (2005): 85–100.
94 Ibn , 95.
95 al-sharīf (Cairo, 1894), 196.
96 Maqrīzī, Sulūk , vol. 1, pt. 2, 564.
97 Ragette, F., Baalbek (Princeton, NJ, 1980), 76–8; Chevedden, P. E., The Citadel of Damascus . PhD diss., University of Los Angeles, California, 1986, unpublished, 48–81.
98 See Chapter 2, nn. 98–99.
99 Abū‘l-Fidā’, fī ta’rīkh al-bashar , eds. M. Zinhum and Y. (Cairo, 1999), vol. 4, 57; Abū‘l-Fidā, Syrian Prince (Holt), 37.
100 Boase, T. S. R. “The History of the Kingdom,” in The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia , ed.
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