Kachina and the Cross by Carroll L Riley Page B

when duplicate names are taken into account. They were surely not all occupied towns; indeed, some may have been place-names rather than settlements. A certain confusion is

Page 53
also indicated by the Enrico Martínez map, apparently done at the direction of Viceroy Monterrey and included in the viceroy's letter to the king dated May 14, 1602. In this map, only 32 pueblos are numbered for the Rio Grande Valley, although some 56 pueblo markers are scattered on the map. Most of the numbered pueblos are named, though in one case some 11 or 12 pueblos are grouped under the heading Pueblos del valle de Puará , which probably represents those Tiguex towns on the east side of the Rio Grande. A separate Tiguex town, Santiago, is placed on the west bank. The large Mann-Zuris site in the Albuquerque area does not appear on this map, and this pueblo may well have been deserted by Oñate's time. A complete count of towns is probably impossible, although Torquemada's figure, published in 1615 but referring to the Oñate period, of 112 or more pueblos seems too high.
Oñate's count of pueblos in the Piro area and the archaeological evidence for such sites suggest about the same number of pueblos as listed by the Chamuscado and Espejo parties. The large pueblo of San Felipe, the southernmost of the Piro towns, was deserted by Oñate's time, but San Pascual, probably Senecú (since it became a mission station thirty years later), Qualacú, Pilabó, and Sevilleta were occupied, as were several others. Additional Piro archaeology will help clarify the occupation picture as of 1598.
What today we call the Tompirothose Piro-speaking pueblos across the Manzano Mountains and in the Salinas regionOñate referred to as Jumano. There were five towns including Quelotetrey (Gran Quivira), Cenobey or Genobey (perhaps Tenabó), and Pataotrey (perhaps Tabirá). Abó is listed separately as "Piro." The use of the term Jumano is especially interesting, for I have suggested that Jumano-Teya spoke a language similar to Tompiro. Certainly, there was extensive trade between the nomadic Jumano and the sedentary Tompiro.
For the Keres region, the Oñate documents list some eleven towns. Included are Guipui (Santo Domingo), Tzia (Zia), Cochiti, Acoma, Katishtya (San Felipe), and Tamaya (Santa Ana), all important towns of later times. By Benavides's day, in the 1620s, this number had fallen to eight, including the six listed above. For the Tano of the Galisteo Basin, and possibly in the Santa Fe River drainage, ten towns are listed. Some of these may have been temporary villages since a quarter of a century later Benavides mentions only five pueblos, probably San Marcos, San Lázaro, San Cristóbal, Ciénega, and Galisteo.
The Tewa towns included, of course, Okeh (San Juan) and Yungue in the lower Chama drainage; from the latter town, Oñate formed his first capital, San Gabriel del Yungue. Oñate lists a number of other towns including the pueblos of San Ildefonso and Santa Clara. It seems likely that the large towns upriver on the Chama and its tributariesTsamauinge, Pesedeuinge, Kuuinge, and Teeuinge

Page 54
had been deserted by Oñate's day, probably even by Coronado's day, and there had been a movement from the Chama Basin to the Rio Grande. Several of the upland towns south of the Chama and Rio Grande junction may have been occupied in Oñate's time.
As I said earlier, what may have happened between the time of Coronado and that of Oñate was that the Rio Grande area lost population but actually had a greater number of smaller pueblos. Acoma and the Pecos, Taos, and Picurís areas, however, continued to have their unitary pueblos as they did in Coronado's day. The Zuni towns, as in Coronado's time, enumerating roughly from southwest to northeast, included Hawikuh, Kechibawa, Kwa'kina, Halona (the modern Zuni), Matsakya, and K'iakima. The Spaniards talked of the "seven cities of Cíbola," but in all likelihood there were only six. By 1598 they were not all