Gay Bombay: Globalization, Love and (Be)longing in Contemporary India by Parmesh Shahani Page B
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Gupta and Ferguson, op. cit., pp. 171–172.
52. David Silver, ‘Internet/Cyberculture/Digital Culture/New Media/Fill-in-the-Blank Studies’, New Media and Society (London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2004), Vol. 6(1), p. 55.
53. See David Silver, ‘Looking Backwards, Looking Forward, Cyberculture Studies 1990–2000’, in David Gauntlett, Web.Studies: Rewiring Media Studies for the Digital Age London: Arnold, 2000), pp. 19–30.
54. William Gibson, Neuromacer (New York: Ace Books, 1984), p. 51, cited in David Silver (2000), op. cit., p. 21.
55. In this context, Allucquere Rosanne Stone’s definition of cyberspace (from ‘Will the Real Body Please Stand Up?: Boundary Stories About Virtual Cultures’, in Michael Benedikt, [Ed.] Cyberspace: First Steps [Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991], p. 85) would be more apt: ‘…incontrovertibly social spaces in which people still meet face to face, but under new definitions of both “meet” and “face”’. Reproduced in David Silver, (2000), op. cit., p. 21.
56. See Barry Wellman, ‘The Three Ages of Internet Studies: Ten, Five and Zero Years Ago’, New Media and Society (London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2004), Vol. 6(1), pp. 123–129.
57. See David Silver (2000). op. cit., pp. 18–30.
58. These utopian or dystopian visions are not unique to the Internet, but have accompanied every major new communication invention. See, for example—
72 Gay
Bombay
( a ) Daniel R. Headrick, When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700–1850. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
( b ) Tom Standage, The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century’s Online Pioneers (New York: Berkley Books, 1998).
( c ) David E. Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology 1880–1940.
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992).
( d ) Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
59. John Perry Barlow, ‘Is there a There in Cyberspace’, Utne Reader 68 (Minneapolis, 1995) cited in Barry Wellman (2004), op. cit., p. 124.
60. Texas broadcaster Jim Hightower, quoted in Fox R, ‘Newstrack’ Communications of the ACM 38(8), 1995, pp. 11–12, cited in Barry Wellman (2004), op. cit., p. 124.
61. David Trend (Ed.), Reading Digital Culture (Malden, MA/Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2001), p. 2.
62. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), cited in Nina Wakeford, ‘Pushing the Boundary of New Media Studies’, New Media and Society (London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2004), Vol. 6(1), p. 132.
63. ‘A Rape in Cyberspace; Or How an Evil Clown, a Haitian Trickster Spirit, Two Wizards, and a Cast of Dozens Turned a Database into a Society’, My Tiny Life: Crime and Passion in a Virtual World (New York: Owl Books, 1999). This article first appeared in the New York based newspaper Village Voice in 1993 and has since been included in several cyberspace anthologies.
64. A MUD (multi-user dungeon/domain) is a multi-player Internet-based computer role-playing game, where players adopt avatars or roles of certain characters, see textual descriptions of rooms, objects, and other avatars within the game and interact with other players by using text commands. MOO stands for MUD Object Orientedand is a kind of MUD text-based virtual reality system that is programmable by utilizing the MOO programming language.
65. Frank Schaap, op. cit., p. 15.
66. Stone’s oft quoted book is The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).
67. See Lisa Nakamura, Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet (New York: Routledge, 2002) for an understanding of her key arguments.
68. See http://www.pewinternet.org/index.asp
69. See
52. David Silver, ‘Internet/Cyberculture/Digital Culture/New Media/Fill-in-the-Blank Studies’, New Media and Society (London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2004), Vol. 6(1), p. 55.
53. See David Silver, ‘Looking Backwards, Looking Forward, Cyberculture Studies 1990–2000’, in David Gauntlett, Web.Studies: Rewiring Media Studies for the Digital Age London: Arnold, 2000), pp. 19–30.
54. William Gibson, Neuromacer (New York: Ace Books, 1984), p. 51, cited in David Silver (2000), op. cit., p. 21.
55. In this context, Allucquere Rosanne Stone’s definition of cyberspace (from ‘Will the Real Body Please Stand Up?: Boundary Stories About Virtual Cultures’, in Michael Benedikt, [Ed.] Cyberspace: First Steps [Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991], p. 85) would be more apt: ‘…incontrovertibly social spaces in which people still meet face to face, but under new definitions of both “meet” and “face”’. Reproduced in David Silver, (2000), op. cit., p. 21.
56. See Barry Wellman, ‘The Three Ages of Internet Studies: Ten, Five and Zero Years Ago’, New Media and Society (London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2004), Vol. 6(1), pp. 123–129.
57. See David Silver (2000). op. cit., pp. 18–30.
58. These utopian or dystopian visions are not unique to the Internet, but have accompanied every major new communication invention. See, for example—
72 Gay
Bombay
( a ) Daniel R. Headrick, When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700–1850. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
( b ) Tom Standage, The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century’s Online Pioneers (New York: Berkley Books, 1998).
( c ) David E. Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology 1880–1940.
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992).
( d ) Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
59. John Perry Barlow, ‘Is there a There in Cyberspace’, Utne Reader 68 (Minneapolis, 1995) cited in Barry Wellman (2004), op. cit., p. 124.
60. Texas broadcaster Jim Hightower, quoted in Fox R, ‘Newstrack’ Communications of the ACM 38(8), 1995, pp. 11–12, cited in Barry Wellman (2004), op. cit., p. 124.
61. David Trend (Ed.), Reading Digital Culture (Malden, MA/Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2001), p. 2.
62. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (Oxford; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), cited in Nina Wakeford, ‘Pushing the Boundary of New Media Studies’, New Media and Society (London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2004), Vol. 6(1), p. 132.
63. ‘A Rape in Cyberspace; Or How an Evil Clown, a Haitian Trickster Spirit, Two Wizards, and a Cast of Dozens Turned a Database into a Society’, My Tiny Life: Crime and Passion in a Virtual World (New York: Owl Books, 1999). This article first appeared in the New York based newspaper Village Voice in 1993 and has since been included in several cyberspace anthologies.
64. A MUD (multi-user dungeon/domain) is a multi-player Internet-based computer role-playing game, where players adopt avatars or roles of certain characters, see textual descriptions of rooms, objects, and other avatars within the game and interact with other players by using text commands. MOO stands for MUD Object Orientedand is a kind of MUD text-based virtual reality system that is programmable by utilizing the MOO programming language.
65. Frank Schaap, op. cit., p. 15.
66. Stone’s oft quoted book is The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).
67. See Lisa Nakamura, Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet (New York: Routledge, 2002) for an understanding of her key arguments.
68. See http://www.pewinternet.org/index.asp
69. See
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