Digestive Wellness: Strengthen the Immune System and Prevent Disease Through Healthy Digestion, Fourth Edition by Elizabeth Lipski Page A
Authors: Elizabeth Lipski
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Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella paradysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus faecalis.
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CRITERIA FOR THE USE OF PROBIOTICS IN HUMANS
1. Identified at the genus, species, and strain level
The gold standard for species identification is DNA–DNA hybridization; 16S rRNA sequence determination is a suitable substitute, particularly if phenotypic tests are used for confirmation.
Strain typing should be performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Strain should be deposited in an international culture collection.
2. Safe for food and clinical use
Nonpathogenic
Not degrading the intestinal mucosa
Not carrying transferable antibiotic resistance genes
Not conjugating bile acids
Susceptible to antibiotics
3. Able to survive intestinal transit; acid and bile tolerant
4. Able to adhere to mucosal surfaces
5. Able to colonize the human intestine or vagina (at least temporarily)
6. Producing antimicrobial substances
7. Able to antagonize pathogenic bacteria
8. Possessing clinically documented and validated health effects; at least one phase 2 study, preferably independent confirmation of results by another center
9. Stable during processing and storage
Used with permission from A. T. Borchers et al., “Probiotics and Immunity,”
Journal of Gastroenterology
44 (2009): 26–46. DOI 10.1007/s00535-008-2296-0.
Candida albicans, a fungus that causes infections in nails and eyes, thrush, and yeast infections, is controlled by acidophilus. This works in at least two ways. First, acidophilus bacteria ferment glycogen into lactic acid, which changes the pH of the intestinal tract. Since candida and many other disease-causing microbes thrive in alkaline environments, this action discourages many disease-producing microbes. Second, specific strains of lactobacillus produce hydrogen peroxide, which kills candida directly. Studies show that supplementation with a hydrogen peroxide–producing strain of acidophilus, DDS-1, reduced the incidence of antibiotic-induced vaginal yeast infections threefold. Other probiotics have antitumor and anticancer effects. Probiotics also help us metabolize foreign substances, such as mercury and pesticides, and protect us from damaging radiation and harmful pollutants.
Saccharomyces boulardii, another probiotic, is a friendly yeast that enhances levels of sIgA. In France, it’s called “yeast against yeast.” It has been well studiedand used clinically for more than 50 years. It is safe for people of all ages, including infants. It is resistant to antibiotics, except antifungal medications, so it can be used while taking antibiotics. It helps protect and restore normal flora, and it stimulates the production of sIgA and IgG, antibodies that are the first line of defense against pathogens. It also stimulates enzymatic production, helping to repair and maintain normal gut mucosa, and stimulates the activity of short-chain fatty acids and disaccharide enzymes, such as lactase, maltase, and sucrase, which can help prevent diarrhea.
BENEFITS OF A FEW SPECIFIC PROBIOTIC BACTERIA
It is impossible in a book of this scope to describe all of our probiotic species, but the following lists highlight several of the most significant.
Benefits of Lactobacillus Acidophilus
Prevents infections including candida, E. coli, H. pylori, and salmonella
Prevents and treats antibiotic-associated diarrhea and traveler’s diarrhea
Aids digestion of lactose and dairy products
Improves nutrient absorption
Maintains integrity of intestinal tract
Helps prevent vaginal and urinary tract infections
Benefits of Lactobacillus Reuteri
Inhibits growth of disease-causing microbes including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeast, fungi, and protozoa
Appears to inhibit adherence of pathogens in the gut
Shortens duration of children’s rotaviral infections, which cause diarrhea
Has protective and therapeutic effect on vaginal infections
Benefits of Bifidobacteria Infantis
Helps treat
----
CRITERIA FOR THE USE OF PROBIOTICS IN HUMANS
1. Identified at the genus, species, and strain level
The gold standard for species identification is DNA–DNA hybridization; 16S rRNA sequence determination is a suitable substitute, particularly if phenotypic tests are used for confirmation.
Strain typing should be performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
Strain should be deposited in an international culture collection.
2. Safe for food and clinical use
Nonpathogenic
Not degrading the intestinal mucosa
Not carrying transferable antibiotic resistance genes
Not conjugating bile acids
Susceptible to antibiotics
3. Able to survive intestinal transit; acid and bile tolerant
4. Able to adhere to mucosal surfaces
5. Able to colonize the human intestine or vagina (at least temporarily)
6. Producing antimicrobial substances
7. Able to antagonize pathogenic bacteria
8. Possessing clinically documented and validated health effects; at least one phase 2 study, preferably independent confirmation of results by another center
9. Stable during processing and storage
Used with permission from A. T. Borchers et al., “Probiotics and Immunity,”
Journal of Gastroenterology
44 (2009): 26–46. DOI 10.1007/s00535-008-2296-0.
Candida albicans, a fungus that causes infections in nails and eyes, thrush, and yeast infections, is controlled by acidophilus. This works in at least two ways. First, acidophilus bacteria ferment glycogen into lactic acid, which changes the pH of the intestinal tract. Since candida and many other disease-causing microbes thrive in alkaline environments, this action discourages many disease-producing microbes. Second, specific strains of lactobacillus produce hydrogen peroxide, which kills candida directly. Studies show that supplementation with a hydrogen peroxide–producing strain of acidophilus, DDS-1, reduced the incidence of antibiotic-induced vaginal yeast infections threefold. Other probiotics have antitumor and anticancer effects. Probiotics also help us metabolize foreign substances, such as mercury and pesticides, and protect us from damaging radiation and harmful pollutants.
Saccharomyces boulardii, another probiotic, is a friendly yeast that enhances levels of sIgA. In France, it’s called “yeast against yeast.” It has been well studiedand used clinically for more than 50 years. It is safe for people of all ages, including infants. It is resistant to antibiotics, except antifungal medications, so it can be used while taking antibiotics. It helps protect and restore normal flora, and it stimulates the production of sIgA and IgG, antibodies that are the first line of defense against pathogens. It also stimulates enzymatic production, helping to repair and maintain normal gut mucosa, and stimulates the activity of short-chain fatty acids and disaccharide enzymes, such as lactase, maltase, and sucrase, which can help prevent diarrhea.
BENEFITS OF A FEW SPECIFIC PROBIOTIC BACTERIA
It is impossible in a book of this scope to describe all of our probiotic species, but the following lists highlight several of the most significant.
Benefits of Lactobacillus Acidophilus
Prevents infections including candida, E. coli, H. pylori, and salmonella
Prevents and treats antibiotic-associated diarrhea and traveler’s diarrhea
Aids digestion of lactose and dairy products
Improves nutrient absorption
Maintains integrity of intestinal tract
Helps prevent vaginal and urinary tract infections
Benefits of Lactobacillus Reuteri
Inhibits growth of disease-causing microbes including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeast, fungi, and protozoa
Appears to inhibit adherence of pathogens in the gut
Shortens duration of children’s rotaviral infections, which cause diarrhea
Has protective and therapeutic effect on vaginal infections
Benefits of Bifidobacteria Infantis
Helps treat
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