A Guide to Philosophy in Six Hours and Fifteen Minutes by Witold Gombrowicz, Benjamin Ivry Page A
Authors: Witold Gombrowicz, Benjamin Ivry
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, which add something to reality, but at the same time one is convinced of their infallibility.Newton’s influence.
Example: the action is equivalent to the reaction.
From the moment that we discovered this, we are certain that it will always be that way .
Example: the shortest distance between two points is a straight line.
Yet for Einstein, the shortest distance between two points is a curved line.But that does not change anything, because it is a different reality from that of Newton.If you accept all of Newton’s premises, then Newton’s laws are absolute in the context of his reality.
Some synthetic judgments are: A priori —which increase our knowledge—and which are absolute and valid for all of humanity.
The whole problem of Kantian philosophy thus resides in a single question: how are a priori synthetic judgments possible?
Kant asks this question because such judgments, without being accidental or based on experience, nevertheless enrich our knowledge, without being accidental or based on experience.Synthetic —which provides an eternal novelty.
Kant proceeds with three analyses
three sections of the Critique of Pure Reason .
But since the subject is reason, or organized knowledge, everything must be based on synthetic knowledge.
It is science which formulates synthetic, a priori judgments (that is, eternal).
First part: Transcendental Aesthetics .
(Transcendent means something outside of the self).
Aesthetics used in the mathematical sense.
Mathematics: science of forms and relationships.
In this first part: How are synthetic a priori judgments possible in mathematics?
Second part: Transcendental Analytics .
We treat judgments in physics .Everything that we know about the subject of things (behavior, reactions).All that is the object of physics.
It is the science of things.
Third part: Transcendental Dialectics , where he deals with metaphysical problems such as that of the “existence of God.”
With Kant begins the great reduction of thought, a process which lasts to the present day.
For the first time consciousness asks the question: What are the limits of consciousness (of reason)?
Kant’s great coup .He had some stunning ideas that completely changed everything.
Question: How are a priori synthetic judgments possible?
Answer: A priori synthetic judgments are possible in general and therefore in transcendental aesthetics, because time and space are not a property of things but rather a property of the subject .
In order for something to exist for us, we must inject it with time and space.
And here Kantian reasoning is simple.
He says, “There are three reasons why space does not exist in the objective world outside us, but is an integral part of our consciousness.”
First argument .Space does not come from an experience, but is the inevitable condition of all experience .Space is not an object but the condition of the existence of the object.Space does not derive from experience.
Second argument .Space is not a concept obtained by deduction.We cannot understand it as concrete, because it is not an object.Space is pure intuition.In other words, space is not a thing butthe condition of a thing, because we possess it within ourselves.
Third argument (or rather, consequence).The intuition of space is the inevitable condition of our a priori synthetic judgments, conferring objective reality on things.
Without it, these are merely impressions (parallel to Descartes).
Example: geometry, resting on constructions in space, on figures, is not based on experience but valid because [ sentence incomplete in the text ]. *
Conclusion
We have demonstrated that Kant’s a priori synthetic judgments are in fact analytical judgments .
This splendid construction collapses.
And Kant’s idea of the categories of pure reason will collapse as well.
That is the fate of all philosophy.No system endures.Through philosophy, human consciousness in progress discovers itself for itself, as Hegel
Example: the action is equivalent to the reaction.
From the moment that we discovered this, we are certain that it will always be that way .
Example: the shortest distance between two points is a straight line.
Yet for Einstein, the shortest distance between two points is a curved line.But that does not change anything, because it is a different reality from that of Newton.If you accept all of Newton’s premises, then Newton’s laws are absolute in the context of his reality.
Some synthetic judgments are: A priori —which increase our knowledge—and which are absolute and valid for all of humanity.
The whole problem of Kantian philosophy thus resides in a single question: how are a priori synthetic judgments possible?
Kant asks this question because such judgments, without being accidental or based on experience, nevertheless enrich our knowledge, without being accidental or based on experience.Synthetic —which provides an eternal novelty.
Kant proceeds with three analyses
three sections of the Critique of Pure Reason .
But since the subject is reason, or organized knowledge, everything must be based on synthetic knowledge.
It is science which formulates synthetic, a priori judgments (that is, eternal).
First part: Transcendental Aesthetics .
(Transcendent means something outside of the self).
Aesthetics used in the mathematical sense.
Mathematics: science of forms and relationships.
In this first part: How are synthetic a priori judgments possible in mathematics?
Second part: Transcendental Analytics .
We treat judgments in physics .Everything that we know about the subject of things (behavior, reactions).All that is the object of physics.
It is the science of things.
Third part: Transcendental Dialectics , where he deals with metaphysical problems such as that of the “existence of God.”
With Kant begins the great reduction of thought, a process which lasts to the present day.
For the first time consciousness asks the question: What are the limits of consciousness (of reason)?
Kant’s great coup .He had some stunning ideas that completely changed everything.
Question: How are a priori synthetic judgments possible?
Answer: A priori synthetic judgments are possible in general and therefore in transcendental aesthetics, because time and space are not a property of things but rather a property of the subject .
In order for something to exist for us, we must inject it with time and space.
And here Kantian reasoning is simple.
He says, “There are three reasons why space does not exist in the objective world outside us, but is an integral part of our consciousness.”
First argument .Space does not come from an experience, but is the inevitable condition of all experience .Space is not an object but the condition of the existence of the object.Space does not derive from experience.
Second argument .Space is not a concept obtained by deduction.We cannot understand it as concrete, because it is not an object.Space is pure intuition.In other words, space is not a thing butthe condition of a thing, because we possess it within ourselves.
Third argument (or rather, consequence).The intuition of space is the inevitable condition of our a priori synthetic judgments, conferring objective reality on things.
Without it, these are merely impressions (parallel to Descartes).
Example: geometry, resting on constructions in space, on figures, is not based on experience but valid because [ sentence incomplete in the text ]. *
Conclusion
We have demonstrated that Kant’s a priori synthetic judgments are in fact analytical judgments .
This splendid construction collapses.
And Kant’s idea of the categories of pure reason will collapse as well.
That is the fate of all philosophy.No system endures.Through philosophy, human consciousness in progress discovers itself for itself, as Hegel
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